Skull Detective
This skull bone forms the bridge of the nose and is paired.
What is the nasal bone?
A sheet of fibrous connective tissue joins two bones in this specific type of fibrous joint.
What is a syndesmosis?
This muscle compresses the cheek to keep food between the teeth but is classified with muscles of facial expression.
What is buccinator?
These membrane channels facilitate the movement of water across the plasma membrane.
What are aquaporins?
This enzyme breaks down acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
What is acetylcholinesterase?
This projection of the ethmoid provides an attachment for the dura mater.
What is the crista galli?
A tendon sheath reduces friction by wrapping around a tendon. It is essentially an elongated version of this structure.
What is a bursa?
Name the muscle that protrudes the tongue and the muscle that retracts and elevates it.
What are genioglossus and styloglossus, respectively?
A red blood cell loses water and shrinks after being placed in a solution. Describe that solution’s tonicity relative to the cell.
What is hypertonic?
Several presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at different locations on a postsynaptic neuron at approximately the same time. Their effects add through this process.
What is spatial summation?
Name the two bones whose horizontal components form the bony hard palate.
What are the maxillae and palatine bones?
The pubic symphysis belongs to this structural subtype of joint, with this type of cartilage forming the linking pad.
What are a symphysis and fibrocartilage?
These two wrist flexors both flex the wrist, but one abducts the hand while the other adducts it. Match each muscle to its additional action.
What are flexor carpi radialis—abduction, and flexor carpi ulnaris—adduction?
A cell takes up extracellular fluid and its dissolved substances in small vesicles. Name this specific form of endocytosis.
What is pinocytosis?
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential may result from increased permeability to either of these two ions.
What are potassium, K⁺, and chloride, Cl⁻?
Name the opening that transmits olfactory nerves and the bone containing it.
What are the olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid?
Name the articulation that permits the “yes” movement of the head and the articulation that permits the “no” movement.
What are the atlanto-occipital joint and atlanto-axial joint, respectively?
A muscle assists a prime mover by preventing an unwanted movement rather than producing the main movement itself. This describes which functional role?
What is a synergist?
increasing the concentration of a transported substance eventually stops increasing its carrier-mediated transport rate. Explain why.
What is carrier saturation—all available carriers are occupied and operating at their maximum rate?
A muscle increases its force by activating additional motor units. Name this process and identify which units generally activate first.
What is motor unit recruitment, beginning with the smallest motor units?
Unlike the superior and middle nasal conchae, the inferior nasal conchae have this skeletal distinction.
What is that each inferior nasal concha is a separate bone, while the superior and middle conchae are parts of the ethmoid?
After repeated shoulder dislocations, the joint may become less stable even after the bones return to their normal positions. Explain why, and identify the muscle group whose tendons help stabilize it.
What is stretching of the joint capsule and ligaments, with stabilization provided by the rotator cuff?
Both gastrocnemius and soleus plantar flex the foot, but only one can directly flex the knee. Identify that muscle and explain the anatomical reason.
What is gastrocnemius, because it crosses the knee joint, whereas soleus does not?
In one transport system, two substances move in the same direction. In another, they move in opposite directions. Name both arrangements and classify the sodium–potassium pump accordingly.
What are symport, antiport, and antiport, respectively?
A signal travels rapidly between adjacent cells without neurotransmitter release into a synaptic cleft. Identify the synapse type and the structures allowing direct current flow.
What are an electrical synapse and gap junctions?