Pen Space
What are the months with the greatest placement of cattle in feedlots in western Canada?
A) July to September
B) February to April
C) September to November
D) May to June
E) There is no differences between months
Sept - Nov
What is the top beef producing country in the world?
A) Canada
B) USA
C) Brazil
D) Australia
E) India
USA
Which factor has the greatest impact on profitability of the feeding sector?
A) Feed efficiency
B) Cost of the animal
C) Mortality/morbidity
D)Cost of gain
E) Risk Management strategies
Feed efficiency
The organization that administer the grading system in Canada is?
Canadian Beef Grading Agency
What grade will dark cutter beef get?
A) D4
B) A
C) B4
D) E
B4
Choose the option below that best represents the space per cattle in a roofed feedlot with slatted floor pen
A) 250 sq. ft/animal
B) 100 sq. ft/animal
C) 150 sq. ft/animal
D) 25 sq. ft/animal
E) 50 sq. ft/animal
25 sq. ft/animal
From the total Canadian beef production, what is the proportion that gets exported?
A) 5-20%
B) 40-55%
C) 65-80%
D) 5-20%
E) 15-35%
40-55%
Implants should be placed at what orientation and location in the ear?
A) Parallel to the ear in the middle 3rd of the ear
B) Parallel to the ear within the cartilage ribs
C) Parallel to the ear in the inner 3rd of the ear
D) Perpendicular to the ear in the inner 3rd of the ear
E) Perpendicular to the ear in the middle 3rd of the ear
Parallel to the ear in the middle 3rd of the ear
The organization that covers carcass inspection is ______?
Canadian food inspection agency
The interaction of the heme group and oxygen in meat gives rise to colour formation as visualized in the lab. What for of heme group gives rise to a bright red colour?
A) Ribeiroglobin
B) Oxymyoglobin
C) Metmyoglobin
D) Transmyoglobin
Oxymyoglobin
Which of the following is NOT one of the main principles that guide the design of beef cattle feedlots and handling facilites?
A) promote the safety of humans
B) Maximize animal health and welfare
C) reduce time needed and the number of people required to work with cattle
D) Integrate cattle handling alleys and feeding roads together to reduce operating costs
Integrate cattle handling alleys and feeding roads together to reduce operating costs
What is the top beef exporting country in the world?
A) India
B) Canada
C) Australia
D) USA
E) Brazil
We are generally in a negative basis situation. What factors do NOT affect the basis?
A) Carcass grading
B) Exchange rate
C) Regulations
D) Transportation cost
Regulations
Grid pricing does not include which of the following?
A) Discounts for less desirable carcasses
B) Premiums for desired carcasses
C) Options for marketing fat cows
D) Price based on a standard carcass
Options for marketing fat cows
The main connective tissue within meat is?
A) Elastogen
B) Elastin
C) Reticulin
D) Collagen
Collagen
Name 3 factors that will affect the pen space per animal in the feedlot?
Climate in the area (northern AB pens being larger vs Southern AB smaller pens)
Type of flooring used
Size or age of animal
(shape of pen is also an answer)
Name the 3 provinces in Canada with the most number of beef cows in decreasing order (highest to lowest)?
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
What is NOT true about stocker/backgrounding programs?
A) Animals usually stay in this system until they reach 300-400kg
B) It is important for large frame breeds to increase lean and skeletal growth before finishing
C) They use higher forage diets (50-70% forage)
D) Important to more evenly distribute supply into the finishing phase
it is important for large frame breeds to increase lean and skeletal growth before finishing
Identify the Component(s) that are included as part of the hot carcass weight in Canada
A) Kidney
B) Back Fat
C) Visceral Fat
D) Liver
E) Tongue
Back fat
What is true for dark firm beef?
A) Meat has high water holding capactiy
B) Meat has excess water on surface
C) Meat has a low water holding capacity
D) Meat holds water due to low pH
Meat has high water holding capacity
What would the pen dimensions of an open earthen lot common of western Canada designed for 225 head of cattle?
Consider: bunk space of 25cm per head, gate of 5m in length, and the pen area of 24m2/head
hint: n = number of cattle per pen
Area needed (A = N x __2/head)
Calculate pen length (L = N x Bunk inches/Head + Gate length)
Calculate pen depth (D = A/L)
A = 225 x 24 m2/head = 5400 m2
L = 225 x 0.25m/head + 5m = 61.25m
D = 5400 m2 / 61.25 m = 88.16 m
I think - someone correct me if im wrong
What are the 4 main segments of beef cattle production systems in Canada?
Cow/calf sector
Stocker
Feedlot
Packer
The difference between US and Canadian dressing percentage is related to the inclusion or exclusion of _________?
Kidney, pelvis, heart
You are working as a consultant and a new entrant to the feedlot sector is one of your new clients. Your client wants to improve their understanding of muscle growth and how implants work. Describe how post-natal muscle growth occurs and how implants can be used to manipulate growth (I.e. how they work)?
Post natal muscle growth occurs via hypertrophy of muscle fibers that are present at birth. Satellite cells are the source of DNA that is responsible for this post-natal hypertrophy. Since these satellite cells have the ability to divide, they can proliferate to increase their numbers. Then differentiate to form cells that fuse with the muscle fiber to provide nuclei needed for hypertrophy. These cells require stimulation to proliferate, which means they need to exercise and get injured to proliferate. As the animal ages satellite cells decrease.
Implants have a direct effect of using activated receptors/ ligands to bind to specific DNA sequences via interaction with a series of transcription factors/co-factors that regulate transcription of the target gene. This leads to enhanced translation which increases protein synthesis. They also use indirect effects like binding to a target gland which results in a cascade of events that results in anabolic activity of a different hormone or alter biological activity of other hormones. A common hormone for implants to have an indirect effect on is IGF-1 which is a growth related hormone. Using implants allows for muscle growth at a faster rate. Which can improve feed efficiency, reduce feed costs, and reduce time spent in feedlots.
Why does rigor mortis occur and why do slaughter plants aim to accelerate the onset of rigor? Be sure to include why muscle glycogen is important in the process?
Rigor mortis occurs for many reasons, muscle contractions decline after death. While maintenance is occurring to maintain aerobic cellular reactions. However, over time the oxygen is consumed, and anaerobic reactions occur. This causes glycogen stores to be used up to maintain these cellular reactions. As these reactions become anaerobic, lactic acid is produced which lowers the pH of the muscle. Additionally after a while, ATP production is reduced so the ADP+P on myosin filaments in the sarcomere is not replaced with ATP and the myosin cannot be released from actin. This results in the actin-myosin cross-bride to stay in place. Therefore muscles stay contracted and sarcomere length is left shortened. As a result the muscles are stiff and tough.
Slaughter plants aim to accelerate the onset of rigor due to it having a critical effect on meat tenderness. Accelerated rigor allows plants to age the carcasses to increase this intended meat tenderness.