Mystery
What are the 3 names for the virus that haunts our barn?
ORF, Contagious ecthyma, soremouth
What should be performed at processing of dairy calves?
Ear tagging
Disbudding or dehorning (less than 6 weeks)
Castration (less than 2-3 months)
Removal of extra teats (less than 2-6 weeks)
Define ovariohysterectomy, ovariectomy, and salpingectomy
Ovariohysterectomy: removal of the ovaries and uterus (spay)
Ovariectomy: removal of the ovaries
Salpingectomy: removal of oviducts
How long is a small ruminant pregnancy?
5 months
What is mastitis? (cause, effect, treatment)
Cause: inflammation or infection of the mammary gland
Effect: tissue destruction, decrease milk production and quality
What is the difference between deficiency and toxicity/poisoning?
Not enough of a mineral vs too much of a mineral
What is the conception rate for artificial insemination of high producing dairy cows and how is it calculated?
Approximately 40%
Measured by dividing % of successful breeding's by total # of breeding's
Define Castration, vasectomy, and epidydectomy
Castration: removal of the testes
Vasectomy: removal of a segment of the ductus deferens
Epididymectomy: removal of a segment of the epididymis
Are goats or sheep more susceptible to acquiring internal parasites? Who has better immunity?
Sheep because they graze instead of browse but develop immunity quicker than goats
Urolithiasis - cause, signs, prevention
Cause: minerals in the urine precipitate into a stone that becomes a blockage
signs: straining, swelling in abdomen
Prevention: increase fresh water intake, delay castration, balance minerals and diet, acidify urine
Define Cut and Wrap
Farmers have their meat slaughtered and processed at a state slaughter house (uninspected) and must be labeled “not for sale”
How many pounds a day should a calf be gaining from birth to weaning?
1.5-1.8lb
What two hormones can be used as contraception in females and how do they work?
Progesterone: causes a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and APG that shuts down ovulation and estrus behavior
GnRH: sustained exposure decreases FSH and LH which stops the estrous cycle
How long is a ewe in estrus? How long is a doe?
Ewe: 24-36 hours
Doe: 24-48 hours
Coccidiosis - cause, signs, diagnosis, treatment
Cause: a protozoa in the intestines destroys interstitial cells
Signs: Diarrhea, loss of appetite, weakness, poor BCS, death
Diagnosis - fecal float
Treatment: antibiotics, fluids
What is a free martin? (definition, cause, and biological difference)
Definition: A sterile female chimera born co-twin to a male.
Cause: shared blood supply in utero due to fused portions of placenta.
Biological differences: Production of MIH results in a heifer with underdeveloped internal reproductive organs and/or seminal vesicles
What is the legal maximum of somatic cell count for grade A milk in the US?
750,000 cells/ml
How does a horse IUD work?
A glass marble is inserted into the uterus post ovulation when the cervix is relaxed. The movement of the marble triggers a pseudopregnancy, forming a persistent CL and keeping the mare of heat for up to 3 months
What are the 4 methods of pregnancy evaluation?
Behavior (no return to estrus)
Physical appearance (size and udder development)
Transabdominal ultrasound (fluid filled pockets at 35 days, placentomes/embryo at 45 days)
Blood tests (for pregnancy glycoproteins produced by the placenta)
Describe the effects of Lice, Sheep Bot flies, and Mites
Lice: Bite the animal causing itching, wool damage, lesions
Sheep bot fly: burrow into nasal cavity as larvae and are sneezed out as adults causing head shaking, teeth grinding, sneezing, running, hiding head, nasal discharge
Mites: burrow into the skin causing lesions/mange, itching, loss of condition, ram infertility
What is the humane slaughter act and what is the exception and the required method?
HSA: livestock must be rendered insensible to pain by a stunning device before slaughter
Ritual slaughter and blessing: livestock must lose consciousness by anemia in the brain from instantaneous cutting of the carotid arteries with a sharp instrument
Describe the following milking methods: Herringbone, Parallel, rotary, and robotic
Herringbone: Cows enter and leave in groups and stand angular to milker
Parallel: cows enter in groups and leave in group or individually, stand parallel to each other and perpendicular to milkers
Rotary: cows enter and leave individually onto raised rotating platform
Robotic: Robot washes and dries teat, milks quarters, disinfects teat.
How does immunocontraception that targets Zona Pellucida work?
Stimulates production of antibodies against zona pellucida receptors to block sperm receptors sites, preventing sperm from attaching to the egg
How much milk can a dairy goat produce in her prime? (amount and lactation cycle)
6-8lb of milk per day in a 10 month lactation (heaviest production at her 3rd-4th lactation)
Barberpole worms - cause, effect, diagnosis, treatment, prevention
Cause: Larvae and aduls burrow into the mucosal layer of the abomasum and feed on blood
Effect: blood/protein loss, severe anemia and death
Diagnosis: FAMACHA, fecal egg count, BCS
Treatment: deworming
Prevention: clean environments and moving pastures