Definition of placenta accreta, increta and percreta
Attaches to the myometrium
Invades the myometrium
Goes through the myometrium into the serosa or beyond
Definition of primary and secondary uterine rupture
Uterine rupture that happens in a unscarred and scarred uterus
Imaging modality offering most accurate diagnosis of placenta previa according to SMFM
Transvaginal ultrasound
Bleeding source in vasa previa
The fetus
Negative sonogram findings can exclude placental abruption
False
Reasons for abnormal placental adherence (2)
Absence of the decidua basalis
Abnormal trophoblast infiltration beyond de fibrinoid Nitabuch layer
Name and association
Couvelaire uterus
Associated with placental abruption
Definition of low lying placenta
Placental edge within 2-cm from the os
Mode and gestational age for delivery in vasa previa
Cesaren delivery at 34 - 37 weeks
Serum marker elevated during placental abruption
Alpha-fetoprotein
The following biomarkers are increased in placenta accreta spectrum
Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein and β-HCG
Name of this condition
Vasa previa
Gestational age and mode of delivery for delivery in placenta previa
34 to 37 / 36-37 and cesarean delivery
Cause of antepartum hemorrhage associated with single artery umbilical cord
Placental abruption
Definition of CAOS
Chronic abruption oligohydramnios sequence
Four sonographic findings of morbidly adhering placenta
-Loss of the hypoechoic retroplacental zone
-Placental vascular lacunae
-Placenta bulging into the bladder wall
-Retroplacental myometrial thickness < 1mm
-Vessels traversing the uteropla-
cental/uterovesicular junction
Name of this condition and incidence with 1 prior c-section
Placenta previa and 1.3
Cause and management of bleeding after placental delivery in placenta previa
Poor smooth muscle contraction
Uterotonics, pressure, sutures
Visualization of *** can be used to confirm vasa previa
Arterial vessel with fetal heart rate on pulsed wave doppler
Physiopathologic mechanism for DIC in concelealed abruption
Increased intrauterine pressure pushes thromboplastin into the large veins draining the implantation site
Frequency of placenta accreta spectrum in patients with 1 to 5 prior cesareans
3, 11, 40, 61, 67%
Description and significance of a positive wall clot test
Blood in a red tube takes more than 6 minutes to clot
Suggest coagulopathy
Five risk factors for placenta previa
-Advanced maternal age -Multiparity -Cesarean delivery -Tobacco consumption -Multifetal gestation -Fibroids
Two conditions associated with vasa previa (AKA placenta previa type 1&2)
Velamentus cord insertion & succenturiate placental lobe
Five risk factors for placental abruption
-Hypertension
-PPROM
-Prior abruption
-Smoking tobacco
-Cocaine
-Fibroids