Roles & Sentence Meaning
________ _____: the way in which a referent contributes to the state, action, or situation described by the sentence.
Semantic roles
________: a semantically complete grammatical structure
Sentence
All speech acts include which two components?
Locution & Illocution
_______ _________: Socially recognized beginning to the conversation
______ __________: Socially recognized conclusions to a conversation
Opening sequence
Closing sequences
In order to speech acts to function, participants must agree upon __________ of meaning
Conventions
List the 5 semantic roles that are identical to constituents.
- Instrumental
- Recipient
- Benefactive
- Location (locative)
- Time (temporal)
_________: a sentence that is produced (spoken, signed, written) in a particular context
Utterance
________: the speaker’s intention in creating the utterance; what the speaker hopes to accomplish or change in the social world
Illocution
How do participants take “the floor”?
Signaling
Pausing
Overlap/interruption
Who is responsible for the concept of speech acts and the idea that language accomplishes actions?
J. L. Austin
The constituent "subject" maps onto several semantic roles, such as:
_____: initiated the action
___________: a subject that experiences an action
Agent
Experiencer
______ _____: the context in which an utterance is produced
Speech event
_______: the grammatical and linguistic meaning of the utterance (i.e. the ‘literal’ meaning)
Locution
Adjacency Pairs have common structural features:
■ __________: come one after another and are spoken by different people– But, sometimes they can be separated by an “insertion sequence”
■ ________: they have to come in a logical order (ex. question before answer)
■ ________: they are logically matched
■ Contiguous: come one after another and are spoken by different people– But, sometimes they can be separated by an “insertion sequence”
■ Ordered: they have to come in a logical order (ex. question before answer)
■ Matched: they are logically matched
Who described how content of talk relates to social meanings & concpetualized "appropriateness conditions"?
John R. Searle
The constituents “direct object” and “indirect object” map onto one semantic role:
_______: what is affected by the verb
Patient
Identify the appropriateness conditions and type of speech act:
"A girl is visiting a pet store with her parents. She sees several cats that are available for adoption. She says to her parents “please, can we bring one home with us?”"
Directive, appropriateness conditions
Propositional content, preparatory
What are the 4 conventions of meaning under The Cooperative Principle?
- Maxim of quality: how much information you are expected to give when you speak
- Maxim of relevance: how relevant is your speech?
- Maxim of manner: speech should be orderly and clear
- Maxim of quality: speech should be truthful
_______ second: an expected response that oftentimes shows agreement
__________ second: an unexpected response
Preferred second
Dispreferred second
Who is known for the cooperative principle and conversational maxims?
H. P. Grice
From the perspective of constituents, the sentence below is grammatical. What are the constituents?
From the perspective of semantic roles, the sentence below is not possible. What are the semantic roles, and why?
Example: This ball broke the window with a hammer.
This ball - Subject/Agent
the window - direct object/patient
with a hammer - instrument
The ball can't be the agent because it can't use the instrument.
What are John Searle's "appropriateness conditions"?
– Propositional content condition: the words of the sentence are typically associated with that kind of speech event (ex. imperative sentences as directives)
– Preparatory condition: a recognized context in which the speech event is embedded (ex. a marriage ceremony or courtroom indicates a declaration)
– Sincerity condition: assumption that the speaker is sincere in uttering the declaration
– Essential Condition: all involved parties intend for the same result to occur (i.e. the parties are cooperating in the speech act)
A speech act in which the locution violates the cooperative principle, but the illocution does not is called an _______ speech act.
Indirect
What are three universal norms?
– Turn-taking is orderly
– Participants anticipate another’s contribution
– Participants repair breaks in the conversation
What are the 4 characteristics of indirect speech acts?
– Violate at least one maxim of the cooperative principle
– The literal meaning of the locution differs from its intended meaning
– Hearers recognize the violation and underlying intention
– Hearers use context to identify meaning