Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
A bacterial cell can synthesize these to inactivate a drug
What is an Enzyme?
Inhibition of protein synthesis is achieved by binding to this bacterial structure
What is a bacterial ribosome?
This process is the acquisition of new genes from another organism in the environment
What is Horizontal Gene Transfer?
Substance produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or kill other microorganism
What is an Antibiotic?
This was the first antibiotic discovered
What is Penicillin?
This mechanism of resistance lowers the drugs ability to enter the cell
What is Blocked Entry?
Antibiotics can often interfere with cell wall synthesis by targeting this specific substance
What is Peptidoglycan?
Any large population of microbes contains a few cells that will already be ____ __________.
What is Drug Resistant?
This lab technique tests for antibiotic effectiveness by measuring zone of inhibitions on a agar plate
What is the Kirby-Bauer Test?
This Scottish microbiologist is best known for discovering the first broadly effective antibiotic substance
Who is Alexander Fleming?
This mechanism decreases or changes the number sites or molecules that a drug can act upon.
What is Target Modification?
Antibiotics that affect the cell membrane will distort the ____________ bilayer of bacterial cells to cause leakages of essential substances
What is Phospholipid?
This adjective describes the ability of a microbe to grow in the presence of a drug
What is Resistance?
This is the smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth
What is the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)?
Antibiotic resistance among populations of this bacterium began to be observed in the 1950s.
What is Staph. aureus?
In this mechanism, the drugs are immediately eliminated from the cell
What is use of Efflux Pumps?
Antibiotics can target this enzyme that unwinds DNA during replication or transcription
What is DNA Gyrase?
This adjective describes a quality of a microbe in which is is unable to grow in presence of a drug
What is Sensitivity?
This term refers to a drug that is produced entirely by chemical reactions
What is a Synthetic Drug?
A term used to describe a drug that kills bacteria.
What is Bacteriocidal?
This is the mechanism in which a microbe evolves to have a gene which can break apart a drug molecule
What is Inactivation by Enzyme?
Inhibition of _____ acid can halt DNA and protein synthesis in bacteria
What is Folic Acid?
We may enter a ____-_________ era where certain infections may be untreatable
What is Post-Antibiotic?
This is the ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans compared to its minimum effective dose
What is the Therapeutic index?
A term used to describe a drug that only inhibits the growth of bacteria
What is bacteriostatic?