Terminology of Antimicrobials
What term refers to the use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk?
a.) penecillin
b.) prophylaxis
c.) broad spectrum
d.) narrow spectrum
b.) Prophylaxis
Are antimicrobials microbicidal or microbiostatic?
Antimicrobials are microbicidal rather than microbiostatic.
What is penicillin's basic mechanism of action
a.) inhibit transpeptidase
b.) inactivate enzymes in cell wall
c.) mutate binding cites
d.) inhibit integrase
a.) inhibit transpeptidase
Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through...
a.) conjugation
b.) transformation
c.) transduction
d.) all of these
d.) All of these
A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits the growth of other microbes is a/an...
a.) synthetic drug
b.) antibiotic
c.) interferon
d.) competitive inhibitor
b.) Antibiotic
What is the term for antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types—for example, a drug effective mainly on gram-positive bacteria?
a.) broad spectrum
b.) antibiotics
c.) narrow spectrum
d.) prophylaxis
c.) narrow spectrum
Drugs that prevent the formation of the bacterial cell wall are...
a.) quinolones
b.) penicillins
c.) tetracyclines
d.) aminoglycosides
b.) Penicillins
Which of the following is NOT a narrow spectrum drug?
a.) Azithromycin
b.) Cephalosporins
c.) Erythromycin
d.) Clindamycin
b.) Cephalosporins
Why is treating malarial infections theoretically difficult?
a.) the protozoal parasite is eukaryotic (therefore similar to human cells)
b.) there are several species of Plasmodium
c.) no single drug can target all the life stages of Plasmodium
d.) all of the above
d.) All of the above
Pick the statement that's true about antibiotics.
a.) antibiotics were invented by chemists in the 1830s
b.) antibiotics are natural products pf microorganisms
c.) antibiotics are inherently dangerous for the environment
d.) none of the above are true
b.) antibiotics are natural products of microorganisms
True or False: Semisynthetic drugs are drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources
TRUE
True or False: An antimicrobial drug should be nontoxic to the microbe but toxic to the host
False. Should be toxic to the microbe but nontoxic to the host
True or False: Most antiretroviral drugs inhibit replication of viral nucleic acid.
False! Antiretroviral drugs prevent viral attachment/entry and block reverse transcriptase and HIV enzymes.
True or False: Humans cannot become resistant to antimicrobials.
TRUE! Human bacteria can become
resistant to these drugs, but humans can't.
True or False: Bacteria (and other microbes) can become resistant to antimicrobial drugs, but humans don’t become resistant to them
True!
What is the term for any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease?
Chemotherapeutic drug
Which statement about antimicrobial drugs is true?
a.) predisposes the host to other infections
b.) leads to development of antimicrobial resistance
c.) remains active in tissues and body fluids
d.) do not function when highly diluted in body fluids
c.) Remains active in tissues and body fluids
______ index is a ratio that compares the blood concentration at which a drug causes a therapeutic effect to the amount that causes toxicity
Therapeutic
Genes coding for proteins involved in antibiotic resistance are often carried on _______.
Plasmids.
List 2 examples of antibiotic mechanisms of action.
inhibition of cell wall synthesis and inhibition of protein synthesis
How do antimicrobials differ from antibiotics?
Antimicrobial is an inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug, regardless of what type of microorganism it targets.
Antibiotics are substances that can inhibit or destroy microorganisms. Generally, the term is used for drugs targeting bacteria and not other types of microbes.
List some ways that antimicrobial drugs work to inhibit the growth of or destroy bacteria.
* inhibit cell wall synthesis
* depolarize the cell membrane
* inhibit protein synthesis
*inhibit nuclei acid synthesis
* inhibit metabolic pathways in bacteria.
Why are narrow spectrum drugs usually better if available?
Using broad-spectrum antibiotics when they are not needed can create antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are hard to treat.
What is one of the five mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
- enzymes inactivate the drug
- update of drug into cell is decreased
- drug eliminated from cell by molecular pumps
- binding sites for drug are mutated
- an alternative metabolic pathway is used
What's the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antimicrobial activity?
Bactericidal means bacteria- killing and bacteriostatic means to inhibit growth