Minute living organism, includes bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa
What is a microbe?
100
A property of antimicrobials that allows them to be toxic to microbes but harmless to the host.
What is selective toxicity?
100
The term used for antimicrobial resistance that results from survival of the fittest.
What is Natural selection?
100
This class of antimicrobial inhibits the synthesis of folic acid required to synthesis DNA, RNA, and protiens.
What is sulfonamides?
100
This class of antifungal binds to sterols in the cell membrane resulting in disruption of the fungal cell membrane resulting in leakage and cell death
What is polyenes? e.g. amphotericin B, nystatin
200
An infection that is hospital acquired.
What is a nosocomial infection?
200
A microorganism appears purple after a gram stain.
What is a gram positive organism?
200
When the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) is above the breakpoint.
What is Resistant?
200
Narrow spectrum penicillins have most activity against this type of microbe: gram _____.
What is gram positive microbe?
200
This class of antifungal inhibits a CYP450 enzyme that inhibits synthesis of cell membrane sterols resulting in a leaky cell membrane and cell death.
What is azoles (triazoles)?
300
Antimicrobial therapy for patients before a causative organism is positively identified.
What is empirical (empiric) therapy?
300
The three body compartments / fluids that are considered sterile.
What is CSF, blood, and urine?
300
Factors that promote drug resistance (name 3).
What is:
- get the right diagnosis
- right drug for the right bug
- treat infection - not contamination or colonization
- use local data
- stop or de-escalate treatment when appropriate
300
Although this antibiotic has poor bioavailability, it can be used orally to treat C. difficile superinfection.
What is vancomycin?
300
Best first choice for topical fungal infection of the skin (excluding the scalp)
What is terbiniafine (Lamisil) or butanafine (Lotrimin)?
400
The concentration of antimicrobial that can be achieved in the serum after a normal / standard dose.
What is breakpoint?
400
Definition of an antimicrobial that kills 99.9% of the microbes (log3).
What is bacteriocidal?
400
A common GI superinfection related to previous antibiotic use.
What is C. difficile?
400
Class AND example of cephalosporin most active against gram negative microorganisms but less active against gram positive.
What is third generation cephalosporin?
Cefixime
cefpodoxime
cefoperazone
cefotaxime
ceftizoxim
ceftriaxone
ceftazidime
ceftibuten
400
With no CNS involvement, these two antifungals would be considered first line treatment. Please include the names of the antifungals and duration of treatment.
What is itraconozole or fluconazole for 6 to 12 weeks duration.
500
This type of fungi is single celled and reproduces by budding.
What is yeast?
500
In discussing pharmacodynamics, the prescriber is aware that Beta lactams are effective when dosing maintains the level of antimicrobial above the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for a period of time. This is defined as
What are concentration independent (time dependent) antimicrobials?
500
Two of the four microbial mechanisms of drug resistance (how is a resistant microbe resistant to the administered antibiotic?)
What is:
- decrease the concentration of drug at the site of action
- inactivate the drug e.g. enzyme such as penicillinase
- alter the structure of the target molecules e.g. change receptors
- produce a drug antagonist e.g. syntheses of increased quantities of PABA
500
Name three classes of beta lactam antibiotics.
What is penicllins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams?
500
This endemic fungal infection of the lung is more prevalent in Arizona in areas with sparse flora.