Macromolecules
This macromolecule provides quick energy for the body and includes sugars and starches.
What are carbohydrates?
This type of energy from the sun is captured by chlorophyll and begins the photosynthesis process.
What is light energy?
This is the organelle where cellular respiration takes place.
What is the mitochondria?
Which trophic level has the least energy?
What are apex predators or the top level?
This is the maximum number of individuals an environment can support based on available resources.
What is carrying capacity?
The type of bond formed between two amino acids during dehydration synthesis is called this.
What is a peptide bond?
These two molecules: one taken from the air and one absorbed through the roots, are converted into glucose during photosynthesis.
What are carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)?
These are the two main reactants needed for cellular respiration.
What are glucose and oxygen?
How much energy is transferred with each trophic level?
What is 10%?
These factors limit population growth regardless of how large the population is, such as hurricanes or wildfires.
What are density-independent limiting factors?
Proteins are made of these smaller units.
What is amino acids?
A model of photosynthesis shows that the energy stored in glucose comes from this step where light energy is transformed into chemical bond energy.
What are the light‑dependent reactions?
This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol and does not require oxygen.
What is glycolysis?
In an energy pyramid, why is only about 10% of energy transferred from one trophic level to the next? (What happens to the energy?)
Most energy is lost as heat through cellular respiration, movement, growth, and metabolic processes. Only the energy stored in biomass is available to the next level.
Would diseases spread more quickly when populations are small or large?
What is when populations are small?
Which macromolecule would you find in butter or cooking oil?
What are lipids?
This molecule, created during photosynthesis, stores chemical energy in its bonds and serves as the main “fuel” for plant and animal cells.
What is glucose?
This stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP and takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
What is the Electron Transport Chain?
An ecosystem has 20,000 kcal of energy at the producer level. Estimate the energy available to a tertiary consumer and explain your reasoning.
Producers: 20,000 kcal
Primary consumers: 2,000 kcal
Secondary consumers: 200 kcal
Tertiary consumers: 20 kcal
Competition for food, water, and space increases as population size increases. These are examples of this type of limiting factor.
What are density-dependent limiting factors?
List the 4 macromolecules and list their function in the body.
What is Carbs-energy, support, cell to cell recognition Proteins: structure of cells Lipids: extra energy resource, water control Nucleic Acids: Holds our genetic information and helps with the production of proteins
A soil ecosystem lacks decomposers. How would this indirectly affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants over time?
Without decomposers, nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus would not be recycled back into the soil. Plants would experience nutrient deficiencies, reducing chlorophyll production and ATP synthesis, ultimately lowering photosynthesis rates.
When oxygen is not available, cells switch to this type of respiration, which produces much less ATP.
What is anaerobic respiration (or fermentation)?
In a forest ecosystem, 70% of the producers (plants) are removed due to deforestation. Predict what will happen to the rest of the ecosystem. (i.e. Primary consumers, secondary and tertiary consumers and energy)
What is Primary consumers will decrease significantly because their main energy source (plants) has been reduced. Less producer biomass means less energy entering the food web
Secondary and tertiary consumers will decline even more dramatically because energy decreases at each trophic level (~10% rule). With fewer herbivores available, predators lose their food source.
The total energy entering the ecosystem drops sharply.
If a deer population exceeds carrying capacity, this will likely happen to resources and population size over time.
What is resources will decrease and the population will eventually decline?