NRTI + NNRTI
This class of antiretrovirals mimics natural nucleosides and causes premature termination of viral DNA during reverse transcription
What is Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
The mechanism of action of INSTIs
What is blocking the enzyme responsible for integrating HIV DNA into the host genome (integrase)
Protease inhibitors prevent cleavage of viral polyproteins, producing this type of virus particle.
What are Immature, non-infectious virions
This structure surrounds and protects the viral genome.
What is the capsid?
combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) meaning
What is the therapy using multiple antiretrovirals to suppress HIV replication.
Drugs that inhibit reverse transcriptase by binding directly to the enzyme rather than incorporating into viral DNA.
What is Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
This integrase inhibitor is widely used in modern first-line HIV therapy due to high potency and low resistance.
What is Dolutegravir
This drug inhibits protease dimerisation and catalytic activity.
What is Darunavir
This drug is given as a long-acting subcutaneous injection every this many months.
What is 6 months?
Standard initial therapy includes two NRTIs plus one drug from this class.
What are INSTIs, NNRTIs, or PIs?
This key structural feature of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors prevents formation of a phosphodiester bond during reverse transcription, leading to termination of viral DNA synthesis
What is the absence of the 3′-hydroxyl (3′-OH) group, causing chain termination during DNA synthesis
Dolutegravir major mechanism of metabolism is
What is UGT1A1-mediated glucuronidation with only minor CYP-mediated metabolism.
This enzyme cleaves viral polyproteins into functional components of the mature virion
Capsid inhibitors interfere with multiple stages including this structural process.
What is capsid assembly?
This prevention strategy uses tenofovir + emtricitabine in which individuals.
What is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in HIV-negative individuals?
This NNRTI drug was historically widely used but is associated with vivid dreams and CNS side effects.
What is Efavirenz = dizziness, insomnia, agitation, etc) &/or psychiatric (depression, suicidal ideation)
Integrase inhibitors block HIV replication by preventing viral DNA from inserting into this.
What is the Host cell genome
These drugs are often co-administered to increase PI bioavailability by inhibiting CYP3A4.
What are Ritonavir or Cobicistat?
This drug disrupts nuclear import of viral DNA
What is Lenacapavir
The primary goal of therapy is to reduce this to undetectable levels.
What is viral load?
This pair of NRTIs forms the “backbone” of many HIV regimens.
What is Tenofovir and Emtricitabine
This integrase inhibitor is commonly combined with tenofovir and emtricitabine in a single tablet regimen.
What is Bictegravir
High-level resistance to this class typically requires this number of mutations.
What are multiple mutations >3
This drug binds between capsid protein monomers.
What is Lenacapavir?
This is the main reason combination therapy is used instead of monotherapy.
What is preventing drug resistance?