Scope
List 4 natural sciences
Biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, environmental science.
Shows how inheritance works:
the Mendelian Laws of Inheritance
The two main methods of obtaining natural scientific knowledge:
Observation & Experimentation
CRISPR raises fear of ____ _____. (related to genetics...)
Designer babies.
Who has a clown nose on the slides?
Karl Popper
Meaning of scientia
"Simply knowledge"
Francis Bacon suggested _____ observation for natural knowledge.
Empirical
Observation
Ethical methodology makes scientific knowledge _____ and _____.
trustworthy and credible.
Who did the pea plant experiment?
Gregor Mendel
Theory-Ladenness
The idea that all observations are influenced by the observer’s existing theories, expectations, or background knowledge.
Black Boxes - what are they?
Established facts whose messy histories of debate and uncertainty are forgotten once widely accepted.
Limiting factors of the Experimentation
natural phenomena such as earthquakes cannot be experimented on.
Two things that nuclear physics give us (one that is ethical and one that is not)
Ethical: nuclear energy
Not ethical: nuclear weapons
The HIV/AIDS denialism case centers on ______.
Peter Duesburg
____ came up with the law of universal gravitation.
Newton
Falsification
Popper’s solution to the demarcation problem: if something can be proven false, it is scientific.
What is the "View from Nowhere?"
Completely objective knowledge
What are the 3 main principles that scientists are expected to follow in ethical methodology?
1. Attention to detail
2. Attempts at impartiality
3. Adherence to best practices
In which century did Francis Bacon live?
17th century
What is the law of universal gravitation?
A law that demonstrates that the same universal force acts upon objects on Earth (like an apple falling) and celestial bodies (like the moon orbiting), thereby unifying the terrestrial and celestial realms.
Name the 5 stages in the Kuhn Cycle
Normal science, drift, crisis, revolution, paradigm shift
Katherine Johnson, Rosalind Franklin, Marie Curie
Describe the Cost Benefit framework:
The framework rests on the fundamental assumption that relevant costs and benefits are knowable and, crucially, quantifiable, to an extent that allows for comparing the sum totals of each.
What year (or approximate time) did Halley's trade wind experiments take place in?
1686