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What are the 3 etiologies of AR?
valve degeneration, infective endocarditis, and genetic
What is a common finding in the LV with AR?
LVE
What P1/2 time indicates severe AR?
<200 msec
Name the 3 components of an AR jet.
vena contracta, flow convergence, and jet direction and size
What murmur is associated with AR?
Austin flint murmur
The more severe the AR the ____ the waveform?
steeper
What area ratio indicates severe AR?
>59%
What is wide pulse pressure? Explain.
A sign on a patient indicating AR, when you have a difference of 100 or more between diastolic and systolic pressure
True or False; Patients with AR can remain asymptomatic until far along.
true
With severe AR what will you see on a MV m-mode?
diastolic fluttering of the AMVL
What is a severe vena contracta measurement?
>0.6 cm
An AR peak velocity of at least _____ is severe.
4m/sec
Wall stress is directly and inversely related to what?
directly: radius and pressure
Inversely: thickness
What is an ultrasound finding in the aorta that indicates severe AR?
A ERO of what is considered severe?
>= 30 mm2
Severe AR will produce what overtime?
diastolic dysfunction
What does elevated BNP indicate and what is a normal value?
Indicates increased wall stress/bio marker for heart failure, 100
On a MV m-mode with severe AR what will be missing?
A wave
A LV diastolic dimension of what is considered severe?
>= 70mm
The wall stress equation is also known as?
Law of La Place