Sleep
Consciousness
Brain Imaging Techniques
Research methods and Ethics
Brain
100
The intensive study of a sleeping person involving simulataneous monitoring and recording of various physiological responses of the sleeper is called...
Polysomnography
100
Awareness of external world (e.g. objects and events) and our own mental experiences and of our own existence is called
Consciousness
100
MRI stands for
Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
100
A case study is...
an indepth, intensive investigation of some behaviour or event of interest in an individual, small group or 'once off' situation.
100
The corpus callosum does what?
Allows information to pass between the two hemispheres
200
How much time do we (approximately) spend in NREM sleep per night? (answers in percentage)
80%
200
Why did William James liken consciousness to a stream?
Consciousness 'flows' like a river - it is not chopped in bits or disjointed. The contents of consciousness are continually moving and changing just as the water of stream flows.
200
How does TMS improve on direct brain stimulation?
Uses magnetic fields to stimulate cortex - the skull does not need to be removed.
200
What are the three measures of central tendency and describe each.
Mean (avergae), median (middle), mode (most common)
200
Symptoms of Wernicke's aphasia include...
Poor speech and written comprehension, little or no conscious awareness that they can't be understood. (They can speak fluently and with correct rhythm but generally talk nonsense).
300
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because why?
Internally, the brain and body are active (Brain - BETA waves, Heart rate is faster, breathing is quicker, eyes moving beneath closed eye lids) but externally the body is calm and inactive (paralysed). Skeletal muscles are limp.
300
In the stroop effect, what is the controlled process and what is the automatic process?
Reading the colour of the ink - controlled Reading the word - automatic
300
How does PET measure brain function?
PET tracks bloodflow in the brain. Areas with increased blood flow are assumed to have increased neuronal activity. Blood flow is tracked by measuring the use of glucose by neurons.
300
In a study of how eating chocolate increase/decreases one's self-reported happiness, what is the IV and what is the DV?
IV - eating chocolate (amount of or eating chocolate/not eating chocolate) DV - Happiness self report rating.
300
Synesthesia is...
a perceptual experience in which stimulation of one sense produces additional experiences in another sense. E.g. associating a letter with a specific colour.
400
What is the main difference between stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep?
More than 50% Delta waves. (Muscles are also completely relaxed and we barely move.)
400
Bursting in to tears while intoxicated is an example of the characteristic of altered state of consciousness called....
Changes in emotional awareness
400
How does fMRI improve on MRI?
It measures brain function rather than structure. It detects chages in oxygen levels in the blood flowing through the brain.
400
How do validity and reliability differ?
Reliability is whether results are consistent over time. Validity is whether the resuls are measuring what they are supposed to be measuring.
400
The RAS and the Thalamus are part of the ...
Brain stem.
500
Why is it difficult to study total sleep deprivation?
After 3-4 days of no sleep, people drift in to micro-sleeps (a short period of sleeping where the person looks awake - EEG resembles early NREM sleep patterns).
500
Which brain waves are associated with relaxed, meditative or wakeful states...
Alpha waves (high frequency and low amplitude).
500
What is a disadvantage of SPECT?
-Image quality not as good as PET -some exposure to radiation (radioactive tracer).
500
In studies involving animals... if an animal needs to be subjected to stress, pain, or deprivation when may the research occur?
Only when there are no other alternatives, and with appropriate pain killers given. Also the research must be deemed as justified - results from the experiment must be worth any potential risks/harm to the animal.
500
How does change blindness differ from inattentional blindness?
Change blindness involves some kind of visual disruption, whereas inattentional blindness is a failure to notice something in a scene, when the scene is always in sight.
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