Orientation to the Human Body
The liver is ________ to the visceral peritoneum.
deep
Which organ system does this organ belong to?
ureters
urinary system
What type & form of energy is stored in the bonds of substances like ATP?
chemical and kinetic
Name the 3 types of protein rods that make up the cytoskeleton.
microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments
The carpus is _________ to the antebrachium.
distal
Which organ system does this organ belong to?
hair, skin, & nails
integumentary system
Name the building blocks of each of the 4 types of organic macromolecules.
monosaccharides - carbohydrates
fatty acids - lipids
amino acids - proteins
nucleotides - nucleic acids
Ribosomes are synthesized in the ____________, which is located within the nucleus.
nucleolus
The parietal pleura is _________ to the lungs.
superficial
Which organ system does this organ belong to?
trachea
respiratory system
The basic structures of DNA & RNA include a pentose sugar, a ___ group and a nitrogenous base.
phosphate
Name two membranous organelles & describe their functions:
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) - sites for the synthesis of membrane bound or secretory proteins
Golgi body (apparatus) - site for receiving, packaging, and exporting substances produced in the endoplasmic reticulum
Name the body cavity that houses both the heart & lungs.
thoracic cavity
Which organ system does this organ belong to?
liver
digestive system
Chemical bonding involves only ______, which are subatomic particles found in the outermost (_____) energy shell of an atom.
electrons
valence
List the two main features of epithelial tissues that are used to identify the different types.
The feedback mechanism that serves to reverse the original stimulus in order to maintain homeostasis is: positive or negative
negative
Which organ system does this organ belong to?
spleen
lymphatic system
________ are the primary components of all cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Name the organelle where synthesis of lipids occurs.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
Name the body plane that would divide the body into ventral & dorsal portions.
frontal or coronal
Which organ system does this organ belong to?
pancreas
endocrine system
Name the type of bond that forms a salt & describe how the electrons behave in this type of bond.
ionic bond
electrons are transferred between atoms
Name the two stages of protein synthesis & describe what happens in each one.
transcription - DNA message is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus
translation - mRNA codon is translated into proper amino acid sequence at the ribosome
Name one example of a positive feedback mechanism.
labor or blood clotting cascade
Which organ system does this organ belong to?
eyes
nervous system
Describe the difference between organic & inorganic substances & give one example of each.
organic substances always contain C and H; example: glucose
inorganic substances may contain C or H, but never both; carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), salt (NaCl)
Name the stage of mitosis in which chromatids are lined up along the equatorial plate.
metaphase
Membranes that line internal body cavities are called _____ serosa.
parietal
Which organ system is responsible for...
maintaining posture, locomotion, facial expression, & thermoregulation
muscular system
List two specific examples of proteins in the human body & describe their function.
collagen fibers - provide strength and structure to tissues such as skin, bones, tendons & ligaments
enzymes - three dimensional globular functional proteins that have affinity for substrates, drives chemical reactions (metabolism)
membrane protein pumps - active transport of ions or other molecules across the selectively permeable phospholipid bilayers of cell membranes
Describe the specific function of DNA.
The mental region is _________ to the oral region.
inferior or caudal
Which organ system is responsible for...
supporting the body
skeletal system
List two unique properties of water & describe how they are critical to the function of the human body.
water is polar - serves as a good solvent
water has a high heat of vaporization - sweat effectively cools the body because heat is released when hydrogen bonds are broken as water changes from liquid to gas
water has a high heat capacity - blood (which is mostly water) carries heat effectively around the body
Name the enzyme that oversees the synthesis of mRNA during transcription.
RNA polymerase
Give the proper regional term for the 'belly button'.
umbilical region
Which organ system is responsible for...
elimination of nitrogenous wastes
urinary system
Adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are all types of:
Nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids. ACGT in DNA, ACGU in RNA
Describe the ‘fluid mosaic model’.
It describes the structure and function of the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane.
Groups of similar cells working together in the body are referred to as __________.
tissues
Which organ system is responsible for...
transport of nutrients, hormones, metabolic wastes, & heat
cardiovascular system
Define ‘osmosis’.
Osmosis is the passive transport of water across a semi-permeable membrane. Water moves against the solute concentration gradient until equilibrium is reached.
Which types of molecules can easily cross a typical cell membrane by simple diffusion?
fat soluble molecules (i.e., steroids) and very small molecules (i.e., O2, CO2, H20)
medial is a directional term that refers to a body part that lies closer to the midline of the body
median is a plane (or cut) through the body along the midline
Which organ system is responsible for...
preventing desiccation & entry of microbes
integumentary system
____________ are the small protein complexes that DNA wraps around in order to form nucleosomes, which resemble ‘beads on a string’.
Histones
List two requirements for active transport for substances that cannot easily cross cell membranes:
membrane protein pumps (with specific 3-D shape to match molecule to be transported) AND energy (typically ATP)