What are cell membranes, DNA storage region, and cytoplasm.
200
Where does aerobic respiration end?
The cristae of the mitochondria.
200
What are 3 processes we use to ensure genetic diversity?
Cross over
Random assortment
Chance combination
200
What is the matrix composed of?
Fibrous proteins
Ground substance, tissue fluid, ECF, interstitial fluid, or tissue gel
200
What causes cystic fibrosis? Explain
genetic disorder where cells do not install chloride pumps in the plasma membrane. This causes a decrease in saline production. Saline is used to clear mucus from cell surface
The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except:
CO2
pyruvic acid.
ATP.
NADH.
FADH2
Pyruvic Acid
6 CO2
8 NADH
2 FADH
2 ATP
300
What happens during Prophase?
Nuclear envelope disappears, chromatin begins to coil, centrioles begin to migrate to opposite poles and create spindle fibers
300
What are the 3 primary germ layers?
Ectoderm (outer)- epidermis and nervous system
Endoderm (inner)- mucus membrane lining, and digestive glands
Mesoderm (middle)- collagen fibers and fibroblasts, muscle, bone, and blood.
300
What can pass through the plasma membrane without needing a transport protein?
Small nonpolar & non-charged particles.
400
Define Hypotonic, Hypertonic, and Isotonic
Hypotonic- Environment has less solute than cell
Hypertonic- Environment has more solute than cell
Isotonic- Environment and cell has equal amounts of solute.
400
What is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
O2
400
What is separated in anaphase I of meiosis? Anaphase II?
Homologous pairs
Sister chromatids
400
What is the difference between hyperplasia and hyptertrophy?
Hyperplasia- tissue growth through cell multiplication
Hypertrophy- enlargement of preexisting cells
400
What is hydrostatic pressure? What does this affect?
The pressure that fluid exerts on the wall of a container.
Filtration.
500
What is transport maximum?
The maximum amount of substance that can be transported regardless of the amount present.
500
How is ATP made during:
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
SLP
Oxidative phosphorylation or Chemiosmosis
500
In meiosis when do cells become haploid?
Telophase I
500
What are the 3 types of cell junctions?
Tight junctions
Adhesions junctions
Gap junctions
500
Describe the second messenger system
Chemical first messenger binds to a surface receptor.
Receptor activates G protein.
G protein relays signal to adenylate cyclase which converts -----ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
cAMP activates a kinase in the cytosol
Kinases add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes (activates some enzymes and inactivates others triggering physiological changes in the cell)