Basics of Digestion
What is the first organ where digestion begins through chewing and salivary enzyme activity?
Mouth
What is the organ that has both exocrine and endocrine functions?
Pancreas
What are the tiny air sacs that have very thin walls and are surrounded by capillaries for gas exchange?
Alveoli
What is the dome-shaped muscle that contracts and flattens during inhalation?
Diaphragm
During external respiration, what gas diffuses from the alveoli to the bloodstream?
Oxygen
What is the name of the movements that the esophagus uses to move food from the pharynx to the stomach?
Peristalsis
What is the difference between insulin and glucagon?
- Insulin = decreases blood glucose
- Glucagon = increases blood glucose
List the structures found in the conducting portion of the respiratory system
Nose, mouth, nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
During inhalation, how does pressure and volume change in the thoracic cavity that allows air to flow into the lungs?
Volume increases, pressure decreases
What percentage of carbon dioxide is transported by bicarbonate in the blood?
70%
Describe the difference between the duodenum and jejunum
- Duodenum = chemical digestion (via pancreatic fluid)
- Jejunum = absorption
Bile is found in both the liver and gall bladder. What is the difference in their functions?
- Liver produces bile
- Gall bladder stores bile
- Bronchi = thicker, cartilage rings
- Bronchioles = thinner, no cartilage around them
How do stimuli for inhalation differ from stimuli for exhalation?
- Exhalation = alveoli stretch receptors stimulated
What is the difference in transport percentage of oxyhemoglobin vs. carbaminohemoglobin?
- oxyhemoglobin = > 95%
- carbaminohemoglobin = 20%
A patient has a small intestine with an unusually small surface area. As a result, they are unable to absorb nutrients efficiently and are becoming malnourished. What structure is damaged?
Villi
A patient with diabetes has difficulty regulating blood glucose because their body does not produce enough of a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose. What hormone is missing or insufficient?
Insulin
A patient has damaged cilia in their airway. As a result, mucus and debris are not being cleared properly, leading to frequent respiratory infections. What structure is affected?
Trachea
A patient is having difficulty expanding their rib cage during breathing. What muscles are affected?
Intercostal muscles
A patient is unable to efficiently convert bicarbonate ions back into carbon dioxide in the lungs, slowing the removal of CO₂ from the body during exhalation. What is likely malfunctioning?
carbonic anhydrase
A patient has a disorder where chyme remains in the stomach much longer than normal and its movement into the small intestine is slowed. What structure is malfunctioning?
Sphincter
A patient reports to you that they have obstructive jaundice. Describe their symptoms.
Gall stones block their common bile duct and cause pain then their gall bladder must be removed.
A patient has swelling in the section of the pharynx that is located behind the nasal cavity and connects the nasal passages to the rest of the throat, making nasal breathing difficult. Which structure is affected?
Nasopharynx
A patient has a punctured pleural membrane that allows air to enter the space surrounding the lung. As a result, the lung collapses and cannot expand properly during inhalation. What space has filled with air?
Intrapleural cavity
A patient feels tired and short of breath because less oxygen can be transported in the blood. What substance is lacking?
Hemoglobin