Hormone Hustle
Which type of hormone (lipid- or water-soluble) needs a plasma protein carrier in blood?
Lipid soluble
The HPT axis regulates which process?
Metabolism
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
Albumin
Which part of the conduction system delays impulses to allow atrial contraction before ventricular contraction?
AV node
What type of capillaries are most permeable, found in liver, spleen, and bone marrow?
sinusoidal capillaries
Which hormone uses a tyrosine kinase receptor instead of a G-protein?
Insulin
A patient with infertility has too little FSH. Which axis is dysregulated?
HPG axis
Which WBC fights parasites and contributes to allergic reactions?
Eosinophils
A patient presents with shortness of breath and pulmonary edema. Which side of the heart is failing?
Left-sided heart failure (blood backs up into the lungs).
According to Poiseuille’s Law, resistance is most affected by which factor?
resistance
Why do water-soluble hormones act faster but for shorter durations than lipid-soluble hormones?
They use second messenger cascades and circulate free, so they’re cleared quickly.
Which hormone sequence defines the HPA axis?
CRH → ACTH → Cortisol
A patient has low RBC count because their stomach doesn’t make intrinsic factor. What type of anemia?
Pernicious anemia
A patient presents with systemic edema and swelling in the legs and abdomen. Which side of the heart is failing?
Right-sided heart failure (blood backs up into systemic circulation)
At the arterial end of a capillary, is net filtration or reabsorption more likely, and why
Filtration, because hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure.
What effect does “down-regulation” of receptors have on hormone response?
It decreases the cell’s sensitivity to the hormone (too much hormone = fewer receptors).
Which anterior pituitary hormone is regulated by both stimulation (PRH) and inhibition (dopamine/PIH)?
Prolactin
What is the percentage of blood volume made up of RBCs called?
Hematocrit
During the QRS complex, which chambers are depolarizing, and which valves are closed?
Ventricles depolarize; both AV and SL valves closed (isovolumetric contraction)
Which vessel type has only a single layer of endothelial cells (tunica intima) to allow exchange of gases and nutrients?
capillaries
Compare glucagon and cortisol in stress response. Which is short-term, and which is long-term?
Glucagon = short-term
Cortisol = long-term
Match the following axes to their main final effect: HPS, HPT, HPG, HPA
HPS = Growth
HPT = Metabolism
HPG = Reproduction
HPA = Stress
Describe the breakdown of hemoglobin after RBC destruction (globin, iron, heme).
Globin → amino acids; Iron → stored as ferritin/transferrin; Heme → biliverdin → bilirubin → stercobilin in feces.
During isovolumetric relaxation (T wave), which valves are closed, and what is happening in the ventricles?
Both AV and SL valves are closed; ventricles are repolarizing and pressure is dropping but no blood is entering yet.
A patient develops peripheral edema. Explain in terms of capillary exchange what is happening at the venous end of the capillary.
Hydrostatic pressure remains higher than colloid osmotic pressure, preventing reabsorption → excess fluid stays in interstitial space → edema.