Water (by Tyla)
Is water a polar or nonpolar molecule?
What are the four types of macromolecules and what are their monomers
carbohydrates - monosaccharides
lipids - glycerol+fatty acids
nucleic acids - nucleotides
proteins - amino acids
Define cell
The smallest unit of life.
The plasma membrane separates these two fluids:
intracellular fluid + extracellular fluid
What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?
Endocytosis is the uptake of material foreign or useful to the cell, whilst exocytosis is the ejection of any waste.
What are the four main properties of water?
Cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, and reactivity/universal solvent.
What form of carbs are used in plants? in Animals?
Starch and glycogen
What are the three classes of extracellular materials?
ECF, Cellular Secretions and Extracellular Matrix
What is the function of phospholipids and cholesterol in the plasma membrane?
Form the base structure of the membrane, the tails prevent the water-soluble substances from crossing - Phospholipids
Stiffens membrane and decreases water solubility - Cholesterol
Difference between active and passive transport
Active transport needs ATP to move substances along the concentration gradient
Come up to the board and how dehydration or hydrolysis would work with the two molecules
Hydrolysis - adding H2O to break apart monomers.
What are the four types of lipids?
Phospholipids (modified triglycerides with a phosphate group and key part of cell membrane), triglycerides (major form of stored energy), steroids (flat molecules and eicosanoids (20-Carbon fatty acids)
Three main parts of a human cell
Nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane
What is the difference between integral proteins and peripheral proteins and which would transport proteins be under.
Integral - firmly inserted into lipid bilayer (channel here)
Peripheral - attached loosely to lipid bilayer
This type of diffusion uses transmembrane proteins to transport molecules that are polar, sugars or lipids which are too large to pass through on their own? Name the full name of this transport
Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
Why happens when we put MgCl into water and why does it happen?
MgCl will dissociate into Mg+ and Cl- ions, due to water's polar properties as a universal solvent will attract the salt and break it into ions.
Name at least three differences between RNA and DNA?
different cellular site (Nucleus in DNA vs cytoplasm in RNA)
function (DNA has genetic info, RNA carries out instructions)
Structure (double DNA, single RNA)
Sugar (deoxy DNA, ribose RNA)
Based (thymine DNA, uracil RNA)
Name four functions of cells.
nutrient storage
fighting diseases
moving organ and body parts
connecting body parts
gathering information and controlling body functions
reproduction
What are the three junctions of the plasma membrane and what do they do?
Tight, desmosomes, and gap: tight is impermeable and prevent molecules passing, desmosomes anchor and bind cells together like Velcro, and gap is for communication and allows ion passage!
Osmosis is a diffusion of water from _____________ to ____________ concentration
low solute to high solute
Define hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic
Hypertonic - cells lose water by osmosis and shrink in this solution
Isotonic - cells retain their normal size and shape in this solution -> water in=water out
Hypotonic - cells take on water by osmosis until they become bloated and burst
This structure is responsible for forming spirals and sheets.
Secondary
Name the three parts of cell theory
cells smallest unit of life,
organisms 1+ cells
cells can only come from other cells
Phospholipid tails can be saturated or unsaturated but which type makes the membrane most fluid?
Unsaturated due to the double bonds
What the two most important qualities of any transport processes?
Specificity and saturability