African Explorers in the Americas (2.1)
These Africans were the earliest to arrive in what became the U.S. and were familiar with Iberian culture.
What are ladinos?
Before the 1800s, more people arrived in the Americas from this continent than any other.
What is Africa?
During the first stage of the journey, captured Africans were often held in these overcrowded coastal structures.
What are coastal dungeons?
Name one method of resistance Africans used aboard slave ships.
What is hunger striking, revolting, or jumping overboard?
Enslavers used violence, legal power, and public humiliation during these events to control enslaved Africans.
What are slave auctions?
Before chattel slavery dominated, this group of multilingual Africans served as intermediaries and gained social mobility.
What are Atlantic creoles?
Only about this percentage of the 12.5 million enslaved Africans came directly to what became the United States.
What is 5% (about 388,000 people)?
The brutal Atlantic crossing where 15% of captives died is known as this.
What is the Middle Passage?
Because resistance was common, enslavers added these structures to slave ships for control.
What are barricades, nets, guns, and other restraints?
African American writers used narratives and poetry to challenge enslavers’ claims that slavery was this.
What is a “benign” institution?
Ladinos played a central role in Spain’s early attempts to do this to Indigenous lands known as “La Florida.”
hat are Spanish colonization and conquest expeditions?
Forty-eight percent of Africans who arrived directly in the U.S. landed in this port city.
What is Charleston, South Carolina?
This stage involved quarantine, resale, and relocation to distant sites of forced labor.
What is the third or “final” passage?
This Mende captive led the revolt aboard La Amistad in 1839.
Who is Sengbe Pieh?
After 1808, the U.S. enslaved population grew mainly through this process.
What is childbirth/natural increase?
This free African from the Kingdom of Kongo joined Spanish expeditions and became the first known African in North America in 1513.
Who is Juan Garrido?
Name two of the five European nations that dominated the transatlantic slave trade.
What are any two of the following—Portugal, Great Britain, France, Spain, or the Netherlands?
European traders introduced this weapon, intensifying wars and violence within African kingdoms.
What are firearms?
These images illustrated overcrowded and unsanitary slave ship conditions and became key abolitionist tools.
What are slave ship diagrams?
This economic system in the lower South made enslaved people highly valuable commodities.
What is the slave-cotton system?
This enslaved African healer and translator from Morocco explored Texas and the Southwest before being killed by Indigenous resisters.
Who is Estevanico (Esteban)?
Nearly half of those transported directly to mainland North America came from these two African regions.
What are Senegambia and Angola?
These two contrasting outcomes resulted from the slave trade: coastal states gained wealth, while interior states experienced this.
What are instability and the loss of future leaders/kin?
Modern Black artists repurpose slave ship imagery for these two purposes.
What is processing historical trauma and honoring Middle Passage ancestors?
Over one million African Americans were forcibly moved from the upper to the lower South in this massive forced migration.
What is the Second Middle Passage?