Foundations of Biology
All life on Earth and all places where life exists on Earth.
What is the biosphere?
The phenomenon that attracts water molecules to one another.
What is Hydrogen Bonding?
The reaction type by which cells join monomers into polymers.
What is dehydration synthesis?
The main chemical component of the cell membrane.
What are phospholipids/the phospholipid bilayer?
"Membranes consist of proteins embedded in a fluid phospholipid bilayer"
What is Singer and Nicolson's Fluid Mosaic Model?
The three domains of life in mainstream taxonomy.
What are Domain Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?
Samples of the same element with differing numbers of neutrons.
What are isotopes?
The cause for organic molecules' complexity and variety.
What is the versatility of carbon/The ability to covalently bond to four other atoms?
The digestive organelle of the cell, produced by the Golgi Apparatus.
What is a lysosome?
The phenomenon of water moving from areas of low solute to high solute through a selectively permeable membrane.
What is osmosis?
A trait, ability, or phenomenon that exists as a result of parts increasing their complexity by working as a whole.
What is an emergent property?
The pH of a solution with a hydroxide ion (OH-) concentration of 10^-9 M.
What is 5?
The two functional groups always found on amino acids.
What are amino and carboxyl groups?
The region of the cell where hormone signals are produced.
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?
The preferable state of environmental tonicity for plant cells.
Definition: Broad in scope, supported by a large body of evidence, and able to be modified or rejected by new evidence.
What is a scientific theory?
The six "elements of life".
What are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur?
A fatty acid chain containing double-bonded carbon atoms.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
The technique used by cells to increase efficiency while maintaining low internal volume.
What is increasing surface area/folding membranes?
The descriptor for a protein containing regions of both polarity and nonpolarity.
What is being amphipathic?
The primary cause of descent with modification.
What is natural selection?
The types of chemical bonds in the context of biology, from strongest to weakest.
What are covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen "bonds", and Van der Waals interactions?
The levels of protein structure reliant on hydrogen bonding.
What are the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures?
An animal cell's response to the apoptosis signal.
What is draining digestive enzymes from the lysosomes into the cytoplasm?
The internal mechanism of a signal transduction pathway.