UNIT 1
Define Cohesion, adhesion, and capillary action
(if you can define all three you get 3X amount)
cohesion - attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind
adhesion - the clinging of one molecule to a different molecule
capillary action - the upward movement of water due to adhesion and cohesions and surface tension
two membrane bound structures in eukaryotes known as energy organelles
mitochondria and chloroplasts
energy transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe
second law of thermodynamics
Cell communicate through three general ways
Define direct contact, local signaling, and long distance signaling
direct - communication through cell junctions (cells are touching), Animal cells: gap junctions Plant cells: plasmodesmata
local - a secreting cell will release chemical messages that travel a short distance through the extracellular fluid, the chemical messages will cause a response in a target cell
long distance - animals and plants use hormones for long distance signaling
a change in ____ means a change in function
shape
Define hydrolysis and dehydration reaction
hydrolysis - breaks the bonds in a polymer by adding H2O
dehydration reaction - bonds two monomers with the loss of H2O
Double membrane , ribosomes, and circular DNA, are all evidence to what theory?
2X amount for correct definition of this theory
Endosymbiont theory - an early eukaryotic cell engulfed a prokaryotic cell and became one functional organism
the efficiency of enzymes can be affected by
temperature and pH
1. body cells that contain two sets of chromosomes (one set from each parent)
2. reproductive cells that contain one set of chromosomes
1. somatic cells
2. gametes
define heterotrophs and autotrophs
heterotrophs - organisms that rely off other organism b/c they can't make their own food
autotrophs - organisms that produce their own food
sugar found in DNA
deoxyribose
A cells membrane is selectively permeable
Difficult passage or protein assisted passage contain molecules that are (Hint: 3 examples)
hydrophilic, polar, and/or large
The enzyme that couples the diffusion through the "fall" of electrons from PSII to PSI that provides energy to form ATP
ATP synthase
Define positive and negative feedbacks
positive - increases the effect of a stimulus
negative - reduced the effect of the stimulus
The number of mitochondria in a cell correlates with metabolic activity. Cells with high metabolic activity have ____ mitochondria
more
the association of two or more polypeptides (hint: protein structure)
quaternary protein structure
Define passive and active transport
passive - transport of molecules that do not require energy from the cell because the solute is moving with it's concentration gradient
active - transport of a molecule that requires energy because it moves a solute against its concentration gradient
Describe the stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis - occurs in the cytosol, splits glucose into 2 pyruvates
Pyruvate Oxidation - pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl coA which is used to make citrate in the citric acid cycle, 2CO2 and 2 NADH are produced
Citric acid cycle - occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, turns acetyl coA into citrate, releases CO2, ATP synthesized, electrons transfer to NADH and FADH2
Electron Transport Chain - located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, helps manage the release of energy by creating several small steps for "fall" of electrons through a proton (H+) gradient
describe the three stages of cell signaling
reception - ligand binds to receptor, when the ligand binds to the receptor, the receptor activates -> initiates transduction signal
transduction - the conversion of an extracellular signal to an intracellular signal that will bring about a cellular response (through signal transduction pathway) contain second messengers that amplify the response
response - a cell process is altered
Water potential practice
If the concentration of NaCl inside a plant cell is 0.15M, which way will water diffuse if the cell is placed in a 0.3M NaCl solution?
water will leave the cell. The concentration of NaCl is greater in the extracellular fluid, water moves to the greater solute concentration.
you are given a fragment of genetic material with the following sequence: ACUGA. Is this DNA or RNA? Why?
RNA because it contains the base uracil
define isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions
isotonic solution - no net movement of water, water diffuses into the cell at the same rate water moves out of the cell
hypertonic solution - cell loses water to their extracellular surroundings, concentration of solutes is higher outside of the cell so water will move to the extracellular fluid
hypotonic solution - cells gain water, the concentration of solutes is lower outside of the cell so the cell will gain water.
describe the phases of the calvin cycle
Phase 1: Carbon Fixation - CO2 is incorporated into the Calvin cycle one at a time, each CO2 attaches to a molecule of RuBP (catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco), forms 3-phosphoglycerate
Phase 2: Reduction - each 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP (6 total), becomes 1-3 biphosphoglycerate, 6NADPH molecules donate electrons to this molecule which reduces to G3P, 6 molecules of G3P are formed but only 1 is counted as a net gain the other 5 are used to regenerate RuBP
phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP - 5 G3P molecules are used to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP (uses 3 ATP), cycle starts over again, ready to take in CO2 again
describe the cell cycle
G1 - cell grows
S - DNA replication
G2 - final growth, prepare for mitosis
M - mitosis and cytokinesis (two daughter cells form)
the phase of mitosis when sister chromatids move to opposite ends of the cell due to the microtubules shortening
anaphase