Unit 1
This type of bond, which occurs between water molecules, is responsible for many of water's unique properties, including its high specific heat.
What is a hydrogen bond?
This double-membrane organelle is the site of cellular respiration and is often referred to as the 'powerhouse of the cell.
What is the mitochondrion?
The specific region of an enzyme where the substrate binds
What is the active site?
Cells communicate with each other using these molecules
What are signaling molecules?
This process produces four genetically unique haploid cells from one diploid cell.
What is meiosis?
These six elements are considered the most essential for life, forming the majority of biological molecules
What are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHNOPS)?
These small structures, composed of RNA and protein, are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell.
What are ribosomes?
Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering this energy barrier.
What is the activation energy?
This process converts an external signal into a cellular response
What is signal transduction?
These genes follow the inheritance patterns discovered by Gregor Mende
What are Mendelian genes?
These large biological molecules are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together through dehydration synthesis reactions
What are macromolecules?
This ratio, important for the efficiency of cell function, decreases as a cell grows, affecting the rate of material exchange with the environment
What is the surface area-to-volume ratio?
These two factors can denature an enzyme, altering its function.
What are temperature and pH?
These proteins relay signals from receptors to target molecules inside the cell.
What are relay proteins?
These genes exhibit inheritance patterns like incomplete dominance or codominance.
What are non-Mendelian genes?
This type of macromolecule is characterized by its long hydrocarbon chains and includes fats, oils, and waxes, playing key roles in energy storage and insulation
What are lipids?
This process involves the movement of molecules across a membrane through protein channels, without the expenditure of cellular energy.
What is facilitated diffusion?
This molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell.
What is ATP?
Mutations in these can lead to diseases like cancer.
What are signal transduction pathways?
The outward expression of genes and environment combined, like eye color.
What is a phenotype
The sequence of these monomers in a polypeptide chain determines the protein's structure and function.
What are amino acids?
These specific proteins span the cell membrane and provide pathways that allow certain molecules or ions to enter or exit the cell via facilitated diffusion.
What are transport proteins?
This process converts solar energy into chemical energy in plants.
What is photosynthesis?
This phase of the cell cycle is where DNA replication occurs.
What is the S phase?
This theory explains how genes are transmitted through generations on chromosomes
What is the chromosomal theory of inheritance?