Unit 1-2
This macromolecule is made of amino acids and is responsible for many cellular functions.
What is a protein?
The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
What is photosynthesis?
The molecule that carries genetic information.
What is DNA?
The process by which organisms with advantageous traits leave more offspring.
What is natural selection?
The scientist credited with proposing natural selection.
Who is Charles Darwin?
The organelle known as the "powerhouse of the cell."
What is the mitochondrion?
The molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of cells.
What is ATP?
A genotype of Aa is described as this.
What is heterozygous?
The role an organism plays in its ecosystem.
What is a niche?
This organelle contains chlorophyll.
What is a chloroplast?
This type of bond forms between water molecules due to unequal electron sharing within the molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
During cellular respiration, most ATP is produced in this stage.
What is oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)?
The process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template.
What is transcription?
When individuals move into or out of a population, this evolutionary mechanism occurs.
What is gene flow?
The universal genetic code means that a codon specifies the same amino acid in nearly all organisms. This is evidence for:
What is common ancestry?
The fluid mosaic model describes this cellular structure.
What is the plasma (cell) membrane?
A signaling molecule binds to a receptor on the cell surface. This step is called:
What is reception?
A mutation changes a codon from UAU to UAA. This type of mutation is called:
What is a nonsense mutation?
A population's growth slows as it approaches this ecological limit.
What is carrying capacity?
A student places red blood cells into a hypertonic solution. What happens?
Water leaves the cells, causing them to shrivel (crenate).
A phospholipid's hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tails make the membrane exhibit this property.
What is selective permeability?
Why does ATP hydrolysis release energy that can be used by cells?
Because breaking the terminal phosphate bond produces more stable products with lower free energy.
In a dihybrid cross between two heterozygous parents (AaBb × AaBb), what phenotypic ratio is expected if the genes assort independently?
What is 9:3:3:1?
According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if p = 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive homozygous genotype?
What is 0.09 (9%)?
(q = 0.3, so q² = 0.09)
A population has 36% homozygous recessive individuals. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the population is heterozygous?
What is 48%?
(q² = 0.36 → q = 0.6 → p = 0.4 → 2pq = 0.48)