Unit 1
Name three molecules that have the formula C6H12O6
alpha-glucose
beta-glucose
fructose
Describe the phospholipid bilayer:
1. What are the components of a phospholipid?
2. Which parts are polar/nonpolar?
3. Where does each part face?
Polar head faces outward/toward the environment/toward the cell
Nonpolar tails face inward/toward each other
What molecule can be used to assess metabolic rate?
Oxygen
Epinephrine is an example of a hormone, which means it is an example of a __________.
Ligand
Draw and label a rough sketch of a nucleotide.
Should include 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group.
Follow up: how can you tell if this is DNA or RNA?
You analyze an unknown sample of macromolecules. In this samples, you have Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur. What kind of macromolecule is present?
Protein
Describe an example of cellular transport that requires energy in relation to the concentration of molecules on either side of the membrane.
active transport requires energy to move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Follow up: where does this energy come from?
Which type of inhibition is exemplified when increasing the presence of the substrate has no effect on the inhibition of the reaction rate?
Noncompetitive (allosteric) inhibition
An increase in blood glucose levels leads to insulin production. Insulin allows glucose to be taken up, which reduces blood glucose levels. This decreases the presence of insulin.
This is a classic example of __________________
Negative feedback
Which set of base pairs form a more stable bond and why?
C and G because they are held together by 3 Hydrogen bonds instead of 2, like A and T are
Draw a rough sketch of an amino acid
Drawing should have 1. a central Carbon, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen, and an R group
Name 3 pieces of evidence that support the claim that mitochondria evolved from free-living bacterial cells.
- double membrane
- circular DNA
- contain their own ribosomes (70S)
In order to supply an electron transport chain, electrons must come from which molecule in photosynthesis?
Water
How might a drug be used to inhibit a cell signaling pathways?
Drug binding to the receptor so the ligand can no longer bind
(or changing the receptor's shape)
How is ATP made?
ATP synthase uses the energy created from protons flowing down their concentration gradient to store that energy in the bond between ADP and Pi
Explain how hydrogen bonds are formed between water molecules.
Partial positive of one water molecule's Hydrogen is attracted to partial negative of another water molecule's Oxygen.
Follow up: How do these partial charges form
Describe how the Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, and Vesicles work together in a eukaryotic cell.
Rough ER synthesizes proteins, golgi modifies those proteins and packages them into vesicles, vesicles ship them to other parts of the cell where they are needed
If you increase the permeability of a membrane, what will happen to ATP production?
Decrease/stop entirely
Follow up: what is generated, usually, from the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation?
Draw a rough sketch of a cell during anaphase.
Large, stretched out cell with mitotic spindle pulling the chromosomes to either side of the cell. Don't forget the centrioles/centrosome!
Which of these cells is more efficient:
Cell 1: Volume - 30, Surface area - 35
Cell 2: Volume - 2, Surface area - 8
Cell 2
A chemical binds to a protein composed of a SINGLE Polypeptide chain and prevents the formation of an alpha helix. Which protein structures will be affected by this chemical?
Secondary and Tertiary
If a eukaryotic cell is unable to break down waste, resulting in a build up of that waste, what organelle is likely not working properly?
Lysosome
Catalase hydrolyzes H2O2 into H2O and O2. As the reaction progresses, what will happen to the reaction rate?
Decrease
Follow up:
What will happen to the entropy?
p53 activates the synthesis of p21 and CD95. p21 promotes cell-cycle arrest. CD95 promotes apoptosis. What will happen if p53 is lost?
uncontrolled cell proliferation
Which stage of the cell cycle is used for storing up energy to prepare for DNA replication?
G1