Chemistry of Life
This property of water allows it to stick to other substances.
What is adhesion?
According to the Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA and ribosomes that resemble those found in this domain of life.
What are prokaryotes?
This type of reaction releases energy and involves breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, such as the hydrolysis of polymers.
What is a catabolic or exergonic reaction?
This type of local signaling involves the release of ligands, such as neurotransmitters, into the synapse between two adjacent nerve cells.
What is paracrine (synaptic or local) signaling?
A lipid containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond is classified as this.
What is an unsaturated fat?
This type of reaction builds polymers by removing a water molecule.
What is dehydration synthesis?
This organelle is physically continuous with the nuclear envelope and is responsible for synthesizing lipids and detoxifying the cell, unlike its "rough" counterpart.
What is the Smooth ER?
In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the enzyme speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering this specific energy barrier.
What is activation energy?
In a signal transduction pathway, this step involves the conversion of a signal from the outside of the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response, often involving a phosphorylation cascade.
What is transduction?
This is the Surface Area to Volume ratio of a cube with a side length of 3.5 cm, rounded to the nearest tenth.
What is 1.7:1?
This level of protein structure is characterized by alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, which are formed solely by hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms, not the R-groups.
What is secondary structure?
As a cell increases in size, its volume increases faster than its surface area, leading to a decrease in this ratio, which limits the efficiency of diffusion.
What is the SA:V ratio?
During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, water is split (photolysis) specifically to provide these particles to the ETC.
What are electrons?
A failure in the receptor proteins on the cell membrane to recognize a growth factor signal can prevent the cell from passing the G1 checkpoint, keeping the cell in this non-dividing state.
What is the G0 phase?
This is the calculated Standard Error of the Mean (rounded to the nearest tenth) when the standard deviation is 2.7 and the sample size is 5.
What is 1.2?
If a mutation changes a hydrophobic amino acid to a hydrophilic one, it will most directly disrupt this level of protein folding, which relies on R-group interactions.
What is tertiary structure?
To maintain a specific membrane potential, this active transport protein pumps three sodium ions out of the cell for every two potassium ions it brings in.
What is a Sodium-Potassium pump?
This stage of cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, and a small amount of ATP.
What is the Krebs (or Citric Acid) Cycle?
During this specific phase of mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules begin attaching to the kinetochores of condensed chromosomes.
What is prophase?
A plant cell has a pressure potential of 2 bars and a solute potential of -3.5 bars; this is the resulting water potential.
What is -1.5 bars?
In the DNA double helix, the two strands are held together by these weak bonds, which are more numerous between Guanine and Cytosine than between Adenine and Thymine.
What are hydrogen bonds?
If a plant cell with a solute potential of -3.5 bars is placed in a solution with a pressure potential of 0, water will flow into the cell until the pressure potential of the cell reaches this value.
What is +3.5 bars? (results in a water potential of 0 to reach equilibrium)
If oxygen is unavailable to serve as the final electron acceptor, cells will undergo this anaerobic process to regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue.
What is fermentation?
To pass the G2 checkpoint and enter mitosis, a cell requires high concentrations of this regulatory protein complex.
What is Cyclin-CDK complex (or MPF)?
If you perform a Chi-Square test on a coin flip experiment where you Observed 60 Heads and 40 Tails but Expected 50 of each, this is your calculated Chi-Square value.
What is 4.0?