Cells and Chemistry
Name the elements found in each of the 4 macromolecules
CHO = Carbohydrates
CHO = Lipids
CHON(S) = Proteins
CHONP = Nucleic acids
Why is glycolysis considered an ancient process?
1) Outside the mitochondria
2) Does not require oxygen
3) All organisms can do it
The fur tree's pollen cannot physically attach to the pine tree's cone
What is mechanical isolation?
Explain the importance of the Miller-Urey experiment
Chemical experiments have shown that it is possible to form complex organic molecules from inorganic molecules in the absence of life— i. Organic molecules/monomers served as building blocks for the formation of more complex molecules, such as amino acids
An organism that is disproportionate relative to their abundance and when removed from the ecosystem causes it to collapse
What is keystone species?
Identify the type of transport O2 molecules use to cross the cell membrane. Explain why.
What is simple diffusion? O2 molecules are small and non-polar and can cross the lipid bilayer easily.
What effect does increasing substrate concentration have on a non-competitive inhibitor?
No effect
The drug 5-fluorouracil inhibits thymine production in eukaryotic cells. Which of the following cell cycle stages will be most directly affected by 5-fluorouracil?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2
D) Cytokinesis
B
Describe the way the evolutionary fitness of an individual tree is measured.
What is counting the number of offspring/seedlings/alleles produced by the tree?
Describe a characteristic of an ecosystem that allows an introduced species to become an invasive species.
· There is an available niche.
· There are sufficient resources.
· There are few/no competitors.
· There are few/no predators.
· There is a lack of parasites.
Identify all the organelles that are involved in producing a protein that is meant for secretion out of the cell, in order.
Nucleus --> rough ER --> Golgi --> vesicle --> cell membrane
Describe the importance of fermentation to eukaryotic cells such as yeast.
The response includes a description that the importance of fermentation to cells such as yeast is that it (fermentation) enables the yeast cells to regenerate NAD+/make ATP/obtain energy without oxygen.
Describe the dimensions of a cell size/shape that would allow it to have maximum efficiency for exchange of materials
Highest surface area to volume ratio
Due to climate change, tree populations may shift habitats, which may result in the fragmentation of the population into several smaller, isolated populations. Explain how the fragmentation may result in speciation.
The response includes the explanation that the separate populations will be reproductively isolated/have no gene flow between them, and genetic differences between the populations may accumulate over time due to natural selection/genetic drift/mutations.
The relationship of the mistletoe that gains resources and harms the mesquite tree that it grows on
What is parasitism?
Explain why H-bonding is possible in H2O molecules.
Due to the difference in electronegativity in H2O, O is much more electronegative and pulls the electron towards itself, creating a slightly negative charge, leaving H with a slightly positive charge. This allows the slightly + and - sides to attract each other.
Why do we breathe in Oxygen?
Oxygen is final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain in cellular respiration
Cancerous T cells result from genetic mutations and lack normal cell cycle controls. Scientists tested whether chemical Z blocks the cell cycle of cancerous T cells. State the null hypothesis for their experiment.
There will be no difference between the cell cycle of untreated cancerous T cells and the cell cycle of (cancerous) T cells treated with chemical Z.
· Chemical Z has no effect on the cell cycle of cancerous T cells.
The species that is most related to the whale (see whale phylogenetic tree)
What is all of them?
In a population of 100 individuals, 20 individuals are born and there are 5 deaths. What is the r value?
Recall: r = per capita growth rate of population
0.15
Which of the following correctly describe the movement of water?
a. Cell with 0.5M concentration will gain water from the 1.0M exterior solution
b. Cell with 0.5M concentration will gain water from the 0.5M exterior solution
c. Cell with 1.0M concentration will gain water from the 0.5M exterior solution
d. Cell with 0.5M concentration will lose water to the 0.5M exterior solution
C
Identify 3 ways the H+ gradient is formed in photosynthesis
1) Photolysis of water
2) Pumping of H+ into thylakoid
3) NADP+ to NADPH in stroma
In fruit flies of the genus Drosophila, the allele for vestigial wings is recessive to the allele for round wings, and the allele for brown eye color is recessive to the allele for red eye color. A scientist crossed flies that are heterozygous for both traits and determined the number of offspring with each combination of phenotypes. The scientist performed a chi-square analysis to determine if the data are consistent with the expectations for independent assortment. The chi-square calculated value for the experiment was 6.03.
Do you reject the null hypothesis?
Degrees of freedom (df) equals 𝑛-1, where 𝑛 is the number of different categories, or in this example, phenotypes, into which the data are divided. Degrees of freedom is important because a greater number of categories means a greater likelihood of deviation from the expected value. The chi-square critical value for three degrees of freedom (df=3) and p>0.05 is 7.81. Because the calculated value 6.03 is less than 7.81, the observed frequencies do not significantly deviate from the expectations for independent assortment, and the null hypothesis is not rejected.
The garden at your school always has red, pink, and white snapdragons. There are 200 red flowers, 300 pink flowers, and 500 white flowers. Determine the allele frequency of q.
0.65
Which of the following best describes the relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms?
a. the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate
b. the larger the organism, the higher the metabolic rate
c. the higher the surface area to volume ratio of the cells, the higher the metabolic rate
d. the lower the surface area to volume ratio of the cells, the higher the metabolic rate
A