Unit 1: Chemistry of Life
Unit 2: Cell structure
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
Unit 4: Cell Communication and Cell cycle
100
This type of bond involves the sharing of electrons between atoms.
Bonus: List the strength of types of bonds in order from weakest to strongest (hint: There are 5 main ones)
Covalent Bonds
Bonus Answer:
1. London Dispersion Forces
2.Dipole-Dipole ineraction
3.Hydrogen bonds
4.ionic Bonds
5.Covalent bonds
100
This organelle is the site of protein synthesis.
Bonus: What are the elements present in proteins?
ribosome
bonus: Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
100
This molecule is the "universal energy currency" of the cell.
Bonus: What is the charged version called and not-charged
ATP
Bonus: ATP and ADP
100
These are the three stages of cell signaling.
Bonus: What does it mean when it says Cell signaling follows a signaling cascade
1.Reception
2.Transduction
3.Response
Bonus: When a single signaling molecule (like a hormone) binds to a receptor, it doesn't just trigger one single response. Instead, it sets off a chain reaction where one activated molecule activates many others, which in turn activate even more.
Tip: Review G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
200
This property of water allows it to "stick" to other water molecules via hydrogen bonding.
bonus (Name the other property that aids in water flowing through plants xylem)
Cohesion
bonus: Adhesion
200
What is the name that describes the cell membrane (hint: blank blank membrane)
Bonus: Why is the cell membrane called this and what can pass through the cell membrane and why?
semi permeable membrane
Only small none polar molecules can pass through. Polar molecules get stuck at surface of membrane because of membranes have polar head (facing towards extra-cellular fluid) and non polar tale (amphipathic).
200
These proteins lower the activation energy of a reaction.
Bonus: What is the difference between an endergonic reaction and exergonic reaction
enzymes
Bonus:
1. Endergonic: Product has more energy than reactant
2. Exergonic: Products have less energy
200
This type of signaling involves a cell sending a signal to itself.
Bonus: What are the other 3 types of signal release and what do they do?
Autocrine
Bonus:
1. Juxtacrine: contact necessary (ex. Immune system recognition)
2. Paracrine: local and short distance coordination (ex. synapse)
3. Endocrine: release of hormone into bloodstream for use of far organs (Ex. Adrenaline)
Study Tip: Review positive and negative feedback
300
This reaction breaks polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule.
Bonus: what is the name of the process that does the opposite of this reaction (hint: it produces water)
hydrolysis
Bonus: Dehydration Synthesis
300
This ratio is the primary reason cells must remain small to be efficient.
Bonus: How to calculate volume of a circle
surface-area to volume ratio
bonus: 4/3 pie r^3
300
This is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain in cellular respiration
Bonus: What are the phases of Cellular respiration?
oxygen
Bonus:
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate oxydation
3. Krebs cycle/citric acid cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport chain)
300
These enzymes add a phosphate group to a protein to activate it.
Bonus: What is this process called?
protein kinase
bonus: phosphorylation
400
This level of protein structure involves alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets.
Bonus: What causes the formation of secondary structure
secondary Structure
Bonus: Hydrogen bonds between adjacent Amino Acids
400
This theory explains the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Bonus: What proof does this theory have?
Endosymbiotic Theory
Bonus: Double membrane, own DNA (circular prokaryotic), replication by Binary Fission
400
In photosynthesis, these reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane.
Bonus: What is the other process of photosynthesis called and where does it occur?
Light-dependent reaction
Bonus: Light-independent reaction and in the stroma
400
This phase of the cell cycle is where DNA replication occurs
Bonus: What are the other 2 parts of interphase and what happens in them?
S phase
Bonus:
1. G1 phase: The cell grows physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular building blocks it will need later.
2. G2 phase: The cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents in preparation for mitosis. It checks the DNA for any errors made during the S phase.
Study tip: Refresh memory of Mitosis
500
These are the three components of a nucleotide.
bonus: what macro molecule do nucleotides belong to and what elements form that macromolecule
1. 5 carbon sugar
2. nitrogenous base
3. Phosphate group
bonus:
1. Nucleic acids
2. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, nitrogen
500
This type of transport requires energy to move molecules against a gradient
Bonus: What is the other type of transport and give 3 examples of this type
Active Transport
Bonus:
(Passive Transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis)
500
This process occurs in the cytosol when oxygen is not present in cellular respiration
Bonus: What are the two types of this process?
Fermentation
Bonus: Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic fermentation
500
These proteins fluctuate in concentration to regulate the cell cycle.
Bonus: What is CDK and how does it help regulation cell cycle?
cyclins
Bonus:
Cyclin Dependent kinase- when cyclins bond with CDK's they phosphorylate (turn on) key proteins in the cell cycle that allow for continuation into the next phase