Water & Biomolecules
The process by which biomolecules are joined together is called __ and the process where they are broken down is called __.
What is the relationship between cell size and surface area to volume ratio?
Bigger cell = smaller ratio
How do enzymes increase reaction rates?
Lower activation energy
Arrange the following sequence of extracellular signaling in the correct order:
Transport of signal to a receiving cell
Start of signal transduction pathways
Signaling cell synthesizes and releases signaling molecules
Binding of the ligand to the specific receptor
3, 1, 4, 2
In what stage(s) of meiosis does crossing over occur?
Prophase I
This type of chemical reaction releases energy.
Catabolic
In an animal cell, what is the site of oxidative phosphorylation?
Mitochondria
What is used to create a proton gradient in both photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
ETC
List the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle.
G1, G2, M
Draw 3 water molecules bonded together.
H of one molecule bonded to O of another
Draw a portion of the cell membrane, labeling the area(s) that are polar and nonpolar.
What TYPE of solution would maintain a plant's turgidity?
Hypotonic
Which level(s) of enzyme (protein) structure is/are unaffected by denaturation?
Primary
In mammals, an increase in the concentration of sodium in the blood triggers the release of ADH. As the concentration of sodium in the blood returns to previous levels, the release of ADH is reduced. What type of feedback does this illustrate?
Negative
In what stage of meiosis does independent assortment occur?
Metaphase I
Identify 5 properties of water that are a result of hydrogen bonding.
Adhesion, cohesion, high heat of vaporization, high specific heat, less dense as solid, universal solvent
When a substance moves across the cell membrane along a concentration gradient at a rate faster than would be expected by simple diffusion alone but without the expenditure of energy, the process is __.
Facilitated diffusion
What are the products of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
NADPH & ATP
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that helps control muscle contraction. This neurotransmitter functions differently depending on which type of muscle it interacts with. For example, acetylcholine promotes muscle contraction in skeletal muscle but inhibits contraction in heart muscle. What determines the different cellular responses?
Receptors
Draw a diagram modeling Anaphase I of meiosis.
Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) separating
List the 4 macromolecules and their monomer.
Carbs - monosaccharides
Proteins - amino acids
Lipids - fatty acids
Nucleic acids - nucleotides
A cell contains 3% glucose and 8% starch. It is placed in a solution containing 0% glucose and 5% starch. The membrane is permeable to glucose, but not to starch. Describe what will happen.
Glucose will move out of the cell and water will move into the cell.
Identify 3 ways fermentation is different from cellular respiration.
Anaerobic, less ATP production, creation of alcohol or lactic acid
A mutation causes the extracellular domain of a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) to be misfolded. The misfolded GPCR is packaged into a vesicle that travels to the cell membrane. Upon reaching the cell membrane, the vesicle deposits the misfolded GPCR, which fuses with the cell membrane and functions as a membrane receptor. What will occur whenever this GPCR is in the presence of its specific ligand?
The misfolded GPCR will not bind with its specific ligand.
Describe 3 ways meiosis is different from mitosis.
Number of divisions, chromosome number, number of daughter cells, diversity