1.1 - 1.3
What is the difference between polar and non-polar molecules? Name functional group examples.
Polar - unequal distribution of electrons
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl
Nonpolar - equal distribution of electrons
Methyl, hydrocarbons!!!
What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates? What reactions build/break these?
monosaccharides and polysaccharides
dehydration synthesis - builds
hydrolysis - breaks
What are the two types of fatty acids? What is different about their structure? Functions in cell membrane?
Saturated - saturated with hydrogen, straight, solid at room temp, no double bond - help cell membrane if it is hot
Unsaturated - bend in structure because of double bond, liquid at room temp - help cell membrane if it is cold
How can you differentiate between ribose and deoxyribose?
Ribose - two OH
Deoxyribose - one OH
What are brief descriptions of each level of protein structure?
Primary - amino acid chain
Secondary - hydrogen bonding between backbones (helices and sheets)
Tertiary - R group interactions
Quaternary - multiple polypeptides
What elements distinguish proteins from nucleic acids?
BOTH CHON
Proteins - sometimes have sulfur
Nucleic acids - phosphorus
What are the two functions of carbohydrates and how do different polysaccharides' structures support those functions?
Energy - Glycogen and Starch - branched for quick glucose release
Structure - Cellulose and Chitin - linear to provide rigidity and stack together
Polar phosphate head and nonpolar fatty acid tails
Describe the structure of DNA.
- What bonds are there?
- Why is it called antiparallel?
two strands running in opposite directions - 5' and 3' ends
Covalent (phosphodiester) bonds between sugar phosphate backbone
Hydrogen bonds between the two strands
Secondary - H bonding between backbone --> alpha helix and beta pleated sheet
Tertiary - Salt bridges (ionic bonds), disulfide bridge, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds
What are differences between hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis?
Hydrolysis - catabolic, releases energy, use water to break polymers into monomers
Dehydration Synthesis - anabolic, uses energy, remove water to build monomers into polymers
starch ; glycogen
What is a very important steroid that serves as a template for all other steroids? What role does it play in cell membrane?
Cholesterol - temperature buffer/stabilizer in membrane
If DNA is made up of 40% adenine, what percent is guanine?
40% adenine
40% thymine
10% guanine
10% cytosine
You could change the charge of amino acids, ability to form hydrogen bonds, other interactions which will result in a loss of folding --> loss of function
What about carbon's structure makes it so useful in macromolecules?
Forms the backbone of all macromolecules!!!
Very versatile - 4 valence electrons
What is the function of monosaccharides? How does their structure support this?
Quick energy - small and polar
Triglycerides - three fatty acids bound to a glycerol - nonpolar (ENERGY STORAGE and INSULATION)
Phospholipids - phosphate head with two fatty acid tails - amphipathic (CELL MEMBRANE)
Pairs and hydrogen bonds
Purines - adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines - thymine and cytosine (and uracil)
A two H bonds T
C three H bonds G
If a multiple-subunit protein with no alpha helices and beta-sheets substitutes out a single amino acid, what levels of protein structure will change?
primary
tertiary
quaternary
*not secondary because it does not have a secondary structure