water and hydrogen bonding
The type of bond formed between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of a neighboring water molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
The monomer units that make up proteins.
What are amino acids?
The type of chemical reaction that connects monomers together by removing a molecule of water.
What is dehydration synthesis / condensation?
The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
What is primary structure?
The four primary elements that make up about 96% of living matter
What are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen / CHON?
The property of water that allows it to stick to other polar surfaces, such as plant xylem
What is adhesion?
The two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms.
What are DNA and RNA?
The chemical reaction that breaks polymers down into monomers by adding a water molecule.
What is hydrolysis?
Alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets are held together by hydrogen bonds in this level of protein structure.
What is secondary structure?
The element required to build proteins and nucleic acids, but NOT found in pure carbohydrates or standard lipids.
What is Nitrogen?
This term describes water’s ability to absorb large amounts of heat energy with only a small change in temperature
What is high specific heat?
The class of macromolecules defined by being hydrophobic and nonpolar, lacking true polymer chains.
What are lipids?
The functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom (-C=O)
What is a carbonyl group?
The structural feature of DNA where two strands run in opposite 5' to 3' directions
What is antiparallel orientation?
The element present in nucleic acids and certain phospholipids, but absent in carbohydrates and proteins.
What is Phosphorus?
Why ice floats on liquid water, which prevents bodies of water from freezing solid from the bottom up.
What is lower density as a solid / expansion upon freezing?
The linkage that joins two monosaccharides together during a dehydration synthesis reaction.
What is a glycosidic linkage?
The functional group that acts as an acid by releasing H+ into solution -COOH
What is a carboxyl group?
he structural difference in the sugar moiety between DNA and RNA.
What is deoxyribose having one less oxygen atom on the 2' carbon than ribose?
The key difference in structure between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid.
What is the presence of one or more double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids?
The reason water is an effective solvent for polar and ionic substances.
What is its polarity / formation of hydration shells?
the distinct components that make up a nucleotide monomer
What are a nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group?
The functional group that forms disulfide bridges to help stabilize tertiary protein structure (-SH)
What is a sulfhydryl group?
The level of protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits.
What is quaternary structure?
How the structural difference between cellulose and starch (alpha vs. beta glucose linkages) affects their functions in cells.
What is starch being digestible for energy storage, while cellulose forms rigid structural fibers?