Structure=
Function
Function
This level of protein structure refers strictly to the linear sequence of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
What is primary structure?
(or 1)
The term for a reaction that releases energy.
What is exergonic?
This will happen to the reaction rate as the product increases.
What is decrease?
This type of feedback mechanism counteracts a change in a physiological variable to return the system back to its target set point, maintaining homeostasis.
What is negative feedback?
What is negative control?
Secondary structures like alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets are held in shape primarily by this type of bond along the polypeptide backbone.
What are hydrogen bonds?
(H-bonds)
Photosynthesis requires a net input of solar energy to build glucose from carbon dioxide and water, making it a classic biological example of this type of reaction with a positive change in free energy.
What is endergonic (or endothermic)?
When more substrate is added in the presence of a competitive inhibitor, this will happen to the reaction rate.
What is increase?
This type of feedback mechanism amplifies or amplifies a stimulus, moving the organism further away from its initial baseline state until a specific outcome is reached.
What is positive feedback?
These are the primary elements that makeup a phospholipid.
What is Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus?
During tertiary folding, amino acids with nonpolar R-groups tend to cluster together on the inside of a cytosolic protein to avoid water, a phenomenon known as this.
What is the hydrophobic effect
(or hydrophobic interactions)
Reactions that specifically release thermal energy to their surroundings, causing an increase in temperature, are called this.
What is exothermic?
In a given enzymatic reaction, this will happen to the reaction rate if the pH is decreased from 6 to 2 and the enzyme concentration is increased.
What is decrease?
During human thermoregulation, when core body temperature rises, sweat glands are activated and blood vessels dilate to release heat. Identify the feedback type for this response.
What is negative feedback?
A given area has a higher presence of protons. This indicates that particular area is more _____.
What is acidic?
This organelle’s extensive membrane folding creates high surface-area-to-volume ratio, allowing for high efficiency in synthesizing proteins and lipids.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum (or rough ER / smooth ER)?
Dehydration synthesis reactions that link monomer subunits to build polymers—such as assembling amino acids into polypeptides—fall under this general class of metabolic pathways.
What is anabolic (or anabolism)?
In a given reaction, the rate decreases upon the addition of both Inhibitor A and the substrate. This inhibitor is most likely this type of inhibitor.
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor? (allosteric)
During childbirth, the release of oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, which in turn causes the posterior pituitary to secrete even more oxytocin. Identify the feedback type for this process.
What is positive feedback?
While RNA and DNA both contain pentose sugars, state two distinct structural differences between a strand of DNA and a strand of RNA.
What is DNA contains
-deoxyribose sugar (vs. ribose)
-uses thymine (vs. uracil)
-is double-stranded (vs. single-stranded)
A substitution of a single hydrophilic amino acid for a hydrophobic one on a protein's exterior can cause it to lose its 3D shape and functionality due to this process.
What is denaturation (or misfolding)?
Cells routinely drive unfavorable, endergonic metabolic pathways forward by linking them directly to favorable, exergonic processes (such as ATP hydrolysis), a vital strategy known as this.
What is energy coupling?
An active site at an enzyme consists of mostly negatively charged amino acids. The substrate that binds to this active site must have this overall charge.
What is positive charge?
In a metabolic pathway, the final product binds to an allosteric site on the first enzyme to inhibit its activity when concentrations are high, preventing wasteful overproduction.
What is feedback inhibition?
(or negative feedback)
A cell with an internal solute concentration of 0.2M is placed in a beaker containing a 0.5M sucrose solution. Describe the tonicity of the beaker solution compared to the cell environment.
What is the beaker solution is hypertonic to the cell.