Cell Communication
The three stages of cell communication in order are Reception, Transduction, and...
Put them in order:
response, ligand, receptor
1. Ligand 2. receptor 3. response
This is the primary function of a phosphorylation cascade, allowing a single ligand to trigger a massive cellular output
What is signal ampification?
What is a control center?
The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated
What is the S phase?
In the first stage of cell communication, the specific chemical messenger that binds to a target receptor to initiate a cellular response is called a...
What is a ligand?
This protein enzyme catalyzes the conversion of ATP into cyclic AMP(cAMP) in response to an extracellular signal
What is adenylyl cyclase?
Draw what phosphorylation does to a protein
protein with an added phosphate group, turning ATP to ADP
Draw a simple negative feedback loop
stimulus -> response -> returns system to normal conditions
Include G1, S, G2, M
This specific type of local signaling occurs when a cell secretes a local regulator(like a growth factor) to affect an adjacent or nearby target cell
What is paracrine signaling?
Because they are polar and cannot cross the lipid bilayer, these receptors are located on the plasma membrane.
What are membrane-bound receptors?
or
What are cell surface receptors?
Proteins that add phosphate groups to other proteins during signal transduction
What are protein kinases?
The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite external changes
What is homeostasis?
Cell death that is genetically programmed and regulated
What is apoptosis?
Neurons in the nervous system use this form of local chemical signaling by releasing molecules into the synapse.
The addition of a phosphate group to a protein, a key protein modification in signal transduction pathways
What is Phosphorylation?
A substance that blocks a receptor and prevents a signal from being received
What is an inhibitor (or antagonist)?
definition of positive feedback loops AND a list of examples
Definition: a mechanism that increases the output of a process in response to a stimulus
Examples: childbirth contractions, blood clotting, fruit ripening, breastfeeding
Draw and label the stages of mitosis in order.
Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase -> Telophase
This gaseous plant hormone is a famous example of long-distance chemical communication that travels through the air to induce fruit ripening.
What is Ethylene?
small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecules or ions that quickly spread throughout the cell to relay a signal received at receptors on the cell surface
What are secondary messengers?
The uncontrolled division of cells resulting from disruptions in cell signaling
What is cancer?
The hormone released during labor that intensifies uterine contractions.
What is oxytocin?
What is cytokinesis?