Meiosis
Compare the number & genetic make up of the daughter cells in meiosis to the parent cell
4 Daughter cells are HAPLOID (because of 2 divisions) and are GENETICALLY DIFFERENT from the parent cell (because of crossing over and independent assortment)
Gene type in which inheritance patterns show males and females with similar phenotypic ratios
What is autosomal/somatic?
Neither allele is fully dominant, phenotype is a blend
Incomplete Dominance
The researcher obtained a Chi square value of 12.5 . The critical value is 3.84. Based upon this the researcher should...
Reject the null hypothesis. Chi square is greater than the critical value.
When looking at a pedigree, how would you determine that a trait is dominant?
Dominant traits do not skip a generation
A cell with a diploid number of 8 could produce gametes with how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes?
2n (n=haploid number)
= 24 = 16
Organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self pollination (Mendel used this term)
What is true breeding?
Two alleles that affect phenotype are both expressed at the same time
Codominance
In mice agouti (A) is the yellow coat which is dominant to the black (a) coat color. A different gene controls whether or not the pigment is deposited in the fur. The dominant allele (D) allows the pigment, while the recessive allele (d) causes albinism in the mouse.
AaDd is crossed with aaDD. What will the phenotypic ratios of the offspring be?
1:1
Shapes used to represent males and females in pedigrees
Female- Circle, Male- Square
The diploid cell that results from the fusion of two haploid gametes
What is the zygote?
The resulting phenotypic ratio of a monohybrid cross
3:1
X linked recessive disorders are more common in
males
Create an accurate linkage map..
C-G 20%
T-A 2%
A-G 16%
C-T 2%
C-T-A-G
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase
What is nondisjunction?
Three ways that meiosis leads to genetic variation in offspring
What is crossing over, independent assortment of chromosomes, & random fertilization
The resulting phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross
9:3:3:1
When one gene masks or modifies another gene (for instance one gene determines color and another gene determines if the color gets deposited)
What is epistasis?
Describe how to calculate the distance between genes on a gene map...
Number of recombinants/total number of offspring x 100 = recombination %
Each % is equal to one map unit of distance
What is the name of Tay Tay's new album to be released April 19, 2024?
The Tortured Poets Department
The three key events in meiosis I (that make it different from mitosis)
Synapsis and crossing over - Prophase 1
Tetrad (homologous pairs) line up at the metaphase plate - Metaphase 1
Homologous pairs separate- Anaphase 1
The genotype of the F1 individual is RrTtYy. If two F1 individuals are crossed, what is the probability that the F2 offspring would have the genotype rrTTYY? Give the answer as a fraction.
1/64
Human height and skin color are examples of which type of inheritance?
Polygenic inheritance
In a species of plant yellow seeds (A) is dominant over green seeds (a). Two plants that are heterozygous for the trait are crossed. The following phenotypes were observed.
Yellow: 945
Green: 375
Calculate the chi square value
8.19
Temperature can change coat color in rabbits, soil pH can effect flower color. What can influence gene expression besides genes?
The environment