definitions (ratioing)
an infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of te cell consisting of RNA or NA
What is a Virus?
Genes
A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).
Name any factor (ever) that promotes genetic diversity
mutations, sexual reproduction, gene flow, and genetic drift etc....
What does PCR stand for?
(hint: starts with one of the main 4 enzymes)
Explain directional selection
a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction
Genotypic and phenotypic differences in a population
What is genetic variation?
Mutations
What is a random error in gene replication that leads to a change? (changes in coding)
What are transcription factors?
(hint: light switch)
Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to either start (turn on) or block (turn off) transcription
What is gene therapy?
a technique that modifies, replaces, or regulates genes to treat or prevent disease
Explain the use of artificial selection
Traits are specifically selected and bred out of organisms/species for specific genotypes or phenotypical outcomes
the change in genetic makeup of a population over time is supported by multiple lines of evidence...
What is Evolution?
Species Fitness
What is a measure of relative reproductive success? (ability of species to survive and reproduce)
Antiparallel refers to the shape of what in a DNA double helix?
(hint the arrangement of what?)
Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' S 3' directions).
What is genetic engineering?
manipulation of an organism's DNA using biotechnology
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Convergent evolution
traits controlled by 2 or more genes
What is Polygenetic Traits?
Adaptation
What is a characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment?
Name the 4 main enzymes involved in DNA replication
What is (in no specific order) Helicase, Primase, DNA Polymerase, and Ligase?
(hint: artificial selection)
GM crops are plants whose DNA has been altered using biotechnology to introduce a desirable trait.
What is a keystone species?
(hint: why might an organism be vital to the enviorment or the food chain?)
An organism that holds their ecosystem together, in the absence of a keystone species it would greatly impact their environment and other organisms present
Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.
What is semiconservative?
Chromatin
(hint: eukaryotic)
The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes.
The difference between the leading and lagging strand DNA?
the leading strand is synthesized continuously towards the replication fork, while the lagging strand is away from the fork
What is biotechnology?
It is the use of living systems, organisms, or parts of them to develop or create different products.
What happens when there is a change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection?
Genetic drifting