DNA and RNA Structure
DNA Replication
Transcription and Translation
Regulation, Expression, and Specialization
Mutations and Biotechnology
100
This is the name of the bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together.
What are hydrogen bonds?
100
This is the name of the model for DNA replication where both parental strands are copied, and the resulting daughter molecules each have one parental and one new strand.
What is the semi-conservative model?
100
This is the full name of the RNA molecule that plays a key role in protein synthesis. 
What is transfer RNA?
100
This is the name for a group of genes that can be turned on or off.
What are operons?
100
This is the primary source of genetic variation.
What are mutations?
200
These two things compose the backbone of DNA.
What are sugar and phosphate?
200
All DNA polymerases synthesizes DNA in this direction.
What is 5' to 3'?
200
This is what the mRNA transcript will read of the template strand of DNA reads: 3'-TTACGGTCAGAC-5' (don't forget directionality!)
What is 5'-AAUGCCAGUCUG-3'?
200
This region acts as the "switch" for the entire operon
What is the operator?
200
This is the name of the procedure used to make multiple copies of DNA in a short amount of time.
What is PCR?
300
This is the percentage of cytosine in a DNA sample, if the thymine percentage is 23.5.
What is 26.5%?
300
After helicase 'unzips' the genes in DNA replication, these sections of copied DNA are created on the lagging strand.
What are Okazaki Fragments?
300
This phenomena is a cellular process where exons from the same gene are joined in different combinations, leading to the production of different, but related, mRNA transcripts, and ultimately, different proteins with distinct structures and functions from a single gene
What is alternative splicing?
300
The lac operon is usually off, but can be turned on, which means it is this type...
What is an inducible operon?
300
This mutation is a cause of Down Syndrome, because chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis.
What is nondisjunction?
400
These are the pyrimidines of our DNA AND RNA nucleotides, and their structure can be described as having these many rings...
What is Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil, and single ring structure.
400
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
The S-phase
400
These two modifications help prevent the degradation of mRNA as it moves from transcription to translation.
What is the 5' cap and the poly-A tail?
400
The repressor is the product of this separate gene, which is not part of the operon.
What is the regulatory gene?
400
A mutation has occurred to turn the last nucleotide in the codon ACG to a T (ACG --> ACT). This is the type of mutation that has occurred as a result.
What is a nonsense mutation? (A type of point mutation)
500
This is how many hydrogen bonds exist between adenine and thymine.
What is two?
500
To describe the directionality of DNA further, the 3' end of DNA contains this type of R-group.
What is hydroxyl (OH)?
500
In prokaryotic transcription, THIS enzyme can bind directly to the DNA, which is a difference from THESE types of organisms.
What is RNA polymerase and eukaryotic organisms?
500
By neutralizing lysine’s positive charge, this post-translational modification reduces histone-DNA interaction, promoting transcriptionally active chromatin.
What is histone acetylation?
500
A single insertion or deletion can cause this type of mutation, altering the reading frame and potentially leading to a premature stop codon or a completely different amino acid sequence.
What is a frameshift mutation?