Miscellaneous
What are Chargaff's Rules?
Adenine = Thymine
Cytosine = Guanine
These are the three components of a nucleotide
What is a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base (C, T, A, or G)
This is a circular loop of self-replicating DNA containing only a few genes in a bacterium
This is the enzyme that is responsible for transcribing DNA
RNA polymerase
These are the three steps of RNA processing (this is what happens to the RNA before it leaves the nucleus)
What is addition of a 5' cap and 3' Poly-A tail and intron removal
What bases are pyrimidines?
C and T
These are the four nitrogenous bases (written out). These are the pairs that they form. This pair is the strongest because it has _____ bonds.
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine;
A-T, C-G;
C-G is the strongest because it has 3 hydrogen bonds
What is the enzyme that cuts a foreign DNA sequence in a particular location. This is the term for the "ends" that they create.
Restriction enzyme; sticky/blunt ends
This is the direction that RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand
What is 5' to 3'
The ribosome reads the mRNA strand in this direction
5' to 3'
Who first discovered the structure of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
This is the enzyme that unwinds the double helix. This other enzyme relieves the tension and torque that the first one creates
Helicase; topoisomerase
This procedure uses an electrical current to separate out DNA fragments in regard to size. Larger molecules do not move as far as smaller DNA molecules
Gel electrophoresis
These are proteins that enable transcription to occur. They assemble at the promoter of a gene and help RNA polymerase to begin.
What is transcription factors
This is the type of mutation that leads to an early stop codon
Nonsense
What is the significance of Photo 51?
It was the first ever image of a DNA molecule.
DNA polymerase replicates DNA in this direction
This procedure allows the amplification of a particular gene sequence
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Transcribe this DNA strand: 5' CGC AGG CGAT 3'
What is 3' GCG UCC GCUA 5'
Translation does not begin until when?
Start codon (AUG) is found
List the 3 types of RNA and what they do.
mRNA - carries DNA's message
tRNA - transfers amino acids to specific codon sequences
rRNA - makes up the ribosome
Quickly summarize the main pieces of evidence that suggest that DNA is the hereditary molecule of life
What is Griffith- discovered transformation when harmless bacteria transformed into deadly ones. Hershey and Chase found that bacteriophages introduce DNA into a host cell. Watson and Crick found the double helix and antiparallel nature. Chargaff and the rules. Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty repeated Griffith's and found that transforming principle was DNA. Franklin had photo 51 that led to discovery of helical nature.
What is a plasmid with the gene of interest added called
Recombinant DNA/plasmid
What would happen if a drug inhibited RNA polymerase functioning?
Lack of mRNA production, which would lead to lack of protein production, which would lead to death.
Translate this DNA sequence:
5' ATC AAG CAC GGG CAT 3'
To solve: 1) Turn DNA into mRNA:
3' UAG UUC GUG CCC GUA 5'
2) Translate using codon chart, but don't forget to start at 5' end of the mRNA:
MET (Start)- PRO- VAL- LEU- ASP