Fitness and selection
Being able to survive and reproduce
What is fitness?
What is stabilizing selection?
Results in a new population with a limited gene pool, often seen when a small population is separated from the larger population.
What is the founder effect? (Genetic Drift)
One result of evolution from a common ancestor; exhibited by certain structures with a similar features having different functions.
Homologous Structures
The condition in which there are barriers to reproduction between individuals of the same species because they are sepatrated by a proiton of a mountain range...
What is allopatric speciation (geographical) ?
Give and example of an organism that is more fit
(teacher discretion)
In a certain group of rabbits, the presence of yellow fur is the result of a homozygous recessive condition in the biochemical pahway producing hair pigment. If the frequqnency of the allele for this condition is 0.09, what is the frequency of the dominant allele in the population?
What is 0.91 or 91%?
When a cataclysm occurs the remaining allele frequencies are different than they were before the event
What is bottleneck effect?
This represents speciation events and common ancestors
What is a node?
One general pattern that will maintain two related groups as seperate species requires their gametes to not combine. These are called prezygotic barriers. Which is not a pre-zygotic barrier?
A. Hybrid Breakdown
B. Behavioral Isolation
C. Temporal Isolation
D. Mechanical Isolation
What is Hybrid Breakdown? (When a offspring dies before being able to reproduce).
An environmental factor that impacts whether an organism can survive and reproduce. ______________ pressure
What is selective pressure?
In a population of squirrels, the allele that causes bushy tail (B) is dominant, whereas the allele that causes bald tail is recessive (b). If 64% of squirrels have a bushy tail, what is the frequency of the dominant allele?
What is 0.4 ? If you selected 0.8 .... You were too hasty and forgot a very important concept: the 64% that show the dominant trait includes heterozygotes, so you cannot simply take the square root of .64.
In geologic time, evolution occurs in rapid burst of change alternating with long periods in which species remain relatively unchanged...
A. Punctuated Equilibrium
B. Convergent Evolution
C. Adaptive Radiation
D. Gradulaism
What is punctuated equlibrium?
This lineage is the least closely related member of the clade
What is the outgroup/basal taxa?
Which could cause sympatric speciation?
A. A small number of individuals migrate to a grographically remote area.
B. A natural disater cutts of contact between member of a population.
C. A flood causes a new river to form, separating segments of a population.
D. A mutation event results in offspring that are fertile tetraploids (2 Extra Chromosomes).
When the extremes of a trait are both equally selected for, this occurs
What is disruptive selection?
If 30 out of 50 individuals have the dominant trait, how many are homozygous dominant assuming HW equilibrium?
7
These structures exist between organisms who share those types of ancestors
What are homologous traits and common ancestors?
See Prompt for Cladograms 400
Which of the following is most likely the species of the test sample fish?
A) O tshawaytscha
B) O.nerka
C) O gorbuscha
D) S. Salar
D. The critical relationship with DNA comparison data is two sample have low difference between nucleotides, they are likley to be the same or closely related species.
Which statement is not supported by the cladogram?
***** See Application Sheet *****
A. The lineage leading to salamanders was the first to diverge from the other lineages.
B. Humans are more closely related to goats than to lizards.
C. Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans
D. Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans
What is D? Each node or branch point represents a common ancestor of the two branches that come from the node.
See Prompt Sheet.
The response includes an acceptable description of the way the evolutionary fitness of an individual tree is measured. Acceptable descriptions include the following.
· It is measured by counting the number of offspring/seedlings/alleles in the next generation that came from this tree.
· It is measured by determining the ability of a tree to produce offspring.
Certain human genetic conditions, such as sickle cell anemia result from single base pair mutations in DNA.
Describe how 3 ways the frequency of an allele coding for a mutant protein may increase in a population over time.
Small population with genetic drift.
Sexual Selection or inbreeding, with example
Natural Selection/adaptation with example.
Gene Flow (Immigration/Emigration/migration) with example
Mutation
See Prompt
Describe the type of evolutionary process that is represented by the inability to detect sweetness across many distant related species.
You could say' its a process in which certain phenotypes arise independently in different lineages, often as solution to a similar problem.
This represents convergent evolution. The inability to detect sweetness, developed in different unrelated species with a similar selective pressure. Although all species show a similar phenotype, the mutation seen in al the cats is different from that seen in the bat, hyena and dolphin.
Create cladogram based on data on prompt sheet.
Show teacher.
See Prompt Sheet
The response includes the explanation that the separate populations will be reproductively isolated/have no gene flow between them, and genetic differences between the populations may accumulate over time due to natural selection/genetic drift/mutations.