Scientific Method
Name the steps of the scientific method
observation, question, hypothesis, predict, test, results
Explain the three subatomic particles
Neutron: in the nucleus, determine mass
proton, in the nucleus, attract and keep negative particles in orbit
electron: on outside, negative charge, important for bonding
What makes Carbon so important?
Ability to bond with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. can form single, double, or triple bonds.
What is the difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote?
prokaryote: unicellular organisms that do not have a true nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
eukaryote: multicellular organism with genetic material in chromosomes in a nucleus
What are factors that affect selective permeability of the membrane?
polarity, electric charge, molar mass of molecules passing through
What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?
a hypothesis is an explanation based on observations and assumptions. a theory is much broader in scope
What is the atomic number?
how many protons an element has
How can carbon skeletons vary?
branched, straight, or rings. atoms of other elements can bond to these skeletons and create complex molecules.
Explain the nucleus
protects and stores dna
What are the roles of proteins, phospholipids, and carbohydrates in membranes?
proteins form channels and pumps help move material across the membrane. phospholipids also make up parts of the membrane and they provide barriers and pathways for molecules. carbs help cells adhere to the membrane
define: independent, dependent, and controlled variables
independent: factors that are manipulated by the researchers.
dependent: the things you measure
control: anything the researchers control during each trial
How do you find the mass number of an element?
protons plus neutrons
What is dehydration?
conversion with a water loss, reverse hydration reactions
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
rough: associated with ribosomes, makes membrane proteins
smooth: makes lipids
Explain the difference between hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic
isotonic: equal amount of solute on each side
hypertonic: water moves out of the cell, more solute outside
hypotonic: waters moves into the cell, more solute inside
what is the difference between a control and experimental group?
control: group that does not receive the treatment
experimental: group receives treatment
What is the atomic weight of an element?
all of the differentiations in weight of the same element averaged out
what is hydrolysis?
a chemical reaction where water is used to break down the bonds of a substance
what are vesicles?
transport inside the cell, storage
what is water potential?
the tendency of water to move from one area to another. affected by osmosis, gravity, pressure, and surface tension. water potential=solute potential+pressure potential
Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative data.
qualitative data is ones that you can observe, such as color and odor. quantitative data is numerical data that you measure
What is a valence?
the outer "rings" of an element that hold electrons close to the nucleus
what do carbohydrates do?
short term energy storage, structure, exoskeletons
What is the Golgi apparatus?
modifies proteins, packs and ships proteins
What is passive transport? (give example)
movement of ions across the cell membrane without using energy. ex- osmosis