Chemistry of Life
What are the four different macromolecules found in living organisms?
Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA), Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins
How are large molecules transported in and out of the cell?
Endo/exocytosis
Where are most ATP made in human cells?
Mitochondria.
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell :)
How many cells results from mitosis?
2
How many chromosomes are in human body cells?
46
What are the monomers of proteins?
Polypeptides
How are ions transported across the cell membrane?
Proton pumps
Why do we need enzymes?
To lower activation energy, thus speeding up chemical reactions.
What is the area between two neurons called?
Synapse
What process of cell division does somatic cells go through in the human body?
Mitosis
What is the purpose of vili in the digestive system?
To provide more surface area to absorb monomers.
What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Unsaturated fatty acids have double carbon bonds, creating a bent shape to the tails. Saturated fatty acids have straight tails.
What type of reaction release energy?
Catabolic reactions
How do lipid ligands bind to their receptors?
They are able to cross the cell membrane to bind with receptors in the cytoplasm of the cell.
What happens during crossing over?
Homologous chromosomes line up and parts of the chromosomes are switched.
In which protein structure are disulfide bonds?
Tertiary structure
What is a name used to describe the structure of the plasma membrane?
Fluid mosaic model
How does glucose enter cells?
Pancreas produces insulin that signal for GLUT transport proteins to be inserted into the membrane.
What are the second messengers in neurons?
Ca++ ions
During which phase of mitosis does the cleavage furrow appear?
Telophase
What is the max number of hydrogen bonds for one molecule of H2O?
Four
What is the name of the system of membranes that helps to transport and modify proteins?
Endomembrane system
What are the three steps needed to convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA?
1.Carbon dioxide is released from pyruvate. 2.The remaining portion of pyruvate donates an electron to form NADH from NAD+ (oxidized). 3.The oxidized acetyl group binds with Coenzyme A to make acetyl CoA.
How do vaccines work?
They trigger your primary response with the pathogen so your second contact with the disease is more like an secondary response.
What type of DNA do only females pass down?
Mitochondrial & Chloroplast DNA