Plants
A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
What is a C3 plant?
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
What is fermentation?
A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule.
What is a polar molecule?
Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.
What are organelles?
A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pas between the cells.
What is a plasmodesmata?
A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate, whose structure it mimics.
What is competitive inhibition?
A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14.
A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction.
What is a microfilament?
The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
What is oxidation?
The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA.
What is the stroma?
Decreasing pH of ocean waters due to absorption of excess atmospheric CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels.
What is ocean acidification?
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
What is a hydrocarbon?
A type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells.
What is a tight junction?
Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water.
What is hypotonic?
In this process, CO2 entering the open stomata during the night is converted to organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.
What are CAM plants?
A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
What is a dehydration reaction?
The portion of a biological system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
What is free energy?
A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments.
What is an intermediate filament?
A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell.
What is phagocytosis?
A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
What is a C4 plant?
The second of two major stages in photosynthesis involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
What is the Calvin cycle?
A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
What is a functional group?
The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy.
What is passive transport?