Viruses, Bacteria, & Biotech
This region of a bacterial cell contains its DNA but is not surrounded by a membrane.
What is the nucleoid?
Movement of individuals between populations increases this evolutionary force.
What is gene flow?
This group includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants.
What is a monophyletic group?
This enzyme joins DNA fragments together to create recombinant DNA.
What is DNA ligase?
When unrelated species evolve similar traits due to similar environments, this pattern has occurred.
What is convergent evolution?
This viral life cycle allows viral DNA to integrate into the host genome and remain dormant before entering an active phase.
What is the lysogenic cycle?
When a population drastically shrinks due to a natural disaster, this genetic effect may occur.
What is the bottleneck effect?
This dating method uses radioactive decay and half-lives to determine the absolute age of rocks and fossils.
What is radiometric dating?
Fossil evidence showing long periods of little change interrupted by rapid evolution supports this model.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the dominant allele frequency (p) is 0.7, what percent of the population has the dominant phenotype?
What is 91%?
This dense outer coating in some bacteria helps protect against host defenses.
What is a capsule?
When individuals at both extremes are favored over intermediate phenotypes, this pattern occurs.
What is disruptive selection?
This event marks the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras and is the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history.
What is the Permian mass extinction?
If hybrid offspring fail to fully develop and die early, this postzygotic barrier has occurred.
What is hybrid inviability?
This natural mechanism uses small RNA molecules to silence specific genes.
What is RNA interference (RNAi)?
This enzyme allows retroviruses to convert their RNA into DNA inside a host cell.
What is reverse transcriptase?
When geographic separation leads to the formation of new species, this type of speciation has occurred.
What is allopatric speciation?
When a taxonomic group excludes some descendants of a common ancestor, it is described by this term.
What is a paraphyletic group?
When creating recombinant DNA, this molecule is commonly used as a vector to transfer foreign genes into bacteria.
What is a plasmid?
This organism is used as a reference group to help determine ancestral versus derived traits.
What is an outgroup?
This feature is missing in viruses, supporting the claim that they are nonliving.
What is metabolism?
A dramatic reduction in genetic variation due to a random event is known as this.
What is genetic drift?
If a fossil contains 25% of its original radioactive parent isotope, this many half-lives have passed.
What are two half-lives?
This type of DNA is made from mRNA and lacks introns.
What is complementary DNA (cDNA)?
These enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences, making genetic engineering possible.
What are restriction enzymes?