Metabolism
The initial energy barrier that must be overcome for a reaction to occur is called this.
What is activation energy (EA)?
In redox reactions, the substance that loses electrons is said to undergo this process.
What is oxidation?
Almost all life on Earth depends directly or indirectly on this group of organisms.
What are photoautotrophs?
This first stage of cellular respiration occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen.
What is glycolysis?
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the disorder of the universe, as stated by this law.
What is the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Building a protein from amino acids requires energy, making it this type of metabolic pathway
What is an anabolic pathway?
In cellular respiration, this molecule is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
What is oxygen (O₂)?
This structure allows CO₂ to enter and O₂ to exit a leaf.
What are stomata?
The Calvin cycle takes place in this part of the chloroplast.
What is the stroma?
A phosphorylated intermediate is more reactive because of this change in free energy.
What is it has higher free energy and is less stable than the original molecule?
When a molecule binds at a site other than the active site to regulate enzyme function, this occurs.
What is allosteric regulation?
Before entering the citric acid cycle, pyruvate must be converted into this molecule.
What is acetyl CoA?
The light reactions split this molecule, releasing O₂ as a byproduct.
What is water (H₂O)?
The light reactions occur in this specific chloroplast structure.
What are thylakoid membranes?
Proteins used as fuel must first undergo this process, removing their amino groups.
What is deamination?
Cells use energy released from downhill (catabolic) reactions to drive uphill (anabolic) ones, a process known as this.
What is energy coupling?
The H⁺ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is also known by this name, emphasizing its capacity to do work.
What is the proton-motive force?
The main sugar produced directly by the Calvin cycle, which serves as a building block for glucose and other carbs, is this three-carbon molecule.
What is G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)?
In this process, the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway.
What is feedback inhibition?
Cyclic electron flow differs from linear electron flow because it produces only this.
What is ATP (but no NADPH or O₂)?
Binding of a substrate to one active site that enhances activity at other sites is an example of this mechanism.
What is cooperativity?
This process breaks down fatty acids into acetyl CoA for entry into the citric acid cycle.
What is beta-oxidation?
The Calvin cycle regenerates this molecule, which acts as the CO₂ acceptor.
What is RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate)?
The enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation is this, the most abundant protein on Earth.
What is rubisco?
This molecule is reduced during photosynthesis and serves as the ultimate electron acceptor in the light reactions.
What is NADP⁺?