Hardy-Weinberg
What are the Hardy-Weinberg equations...
what does q stand for? p?
p2? q2? 2pq?
1. p+q=1
2. p2+2pq+q2=1
q= frequency of the dominant allele
p= frequency of the recessive allele
p2= frequency of homozygous dominant
q2= frequency of homozygous recessive
2pq= frequency of heterozygotes
What is the major difference between allopatric speciation and sympatric speciation?
Allopatric speciation is caused by geographic isolation.
Those individuals who are better adapted in a particular environment exhibit better reproductive success. They have more offspring that survive and pass their genes to one or more offspring. Survival of the fittest.
Natural Selection
Describe how fossil record serves as evidence for evolution.
reveals the existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species.
- radiometric dating and half life accurately measure the age of fossils.
Name the Theory and Proponent
Describing the diversity of God's creation by naming and classifying species. (Taxonomy)
Theory= Classification System
Proponent= Carl Linnaeus
According to Hardy-Weinberg, what are the conditions for a population to be stable?
1. Population must be very large.
2. Population must be isolated from other populations.
3. There must be no mutations in the population.
4. Mating must be random
5. No natural selection.
Different frog species live in the same pond bur breed at different times.
What isolating mechanism is this?
Pre-zygotic
Temporal
Individuals choose their mates for a specific reason. The selection of a mate serves to eliminate the less-fit individuals. What cause of evolution is this?
Nonrandom Mating
how is comparative anatomy used as evidence for evolution.
-homologous structures, analogous structures, vestigal structures.
-reveal if organisms have a common ancestor.
-reveal the adaptations animals took
History of Earth marked by sudden floods or droughts that resulted in extinctions.
Theory= Catastrophism
Proponent= Georges Cuvier
Determine the percent of the population that is homozygous dominant if the percent of the population that is homozygous recessive is 16%.
Homozygous dominant= 36%
Frogs from the genus Rana can form hybrid tadpoles, but they die before adulthood.
What isolating mechanism is this?
Post-zygotic
Hybrid Inviability
These are changes in genetic material and are the raw material for evolutionary change. They increase diversity.
Mutations
how is comparative biochemistry used as evidence for evolution?
- if common ancestors, then they would have similar biochemical pathways.
-goes as far as similar proteins and amino acid sequences
Proposed mechanism of evolution that modifications due to use or disuse are passed to offspring.
Theory= Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
Proponent= Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
If 9% of the population has blue eyes, what percent of the population is hybrid for brown eyes? Homozygous for brown eyes?
Hybrid Brown= 42%
Homozygous Brown=49%
Mating between two closely related species is inhibited as their genitals are not compatible.
What type of isolating mechanism is this?
Pre-zygotic
Mechanical
This is the movement of alleles into or out of a population. It can occur as a result of the migration of fertile individuals or gametes between populations. This tends to increase diversity. What is this?
Example: pollen from one valley can be carried by the wind across a mountain to another valley.
Gene Flow
how is comparative embryology used as evidence for evolution?
-closely related organisms go through similar stages in their embryonic development
1. Profound change is the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes.
2. Fixed species on a continuum from simple to complex.
1. Theory= Gradual geologic change; Proponent= James Hutton
2. Theory= Scale of nature; Proponent= Charles Darwin
A population of snails on the Galapagos Islands has been studied for the past 70 years. It is polymorphic in terms of body color. The dominant type has brown stripes, while the recessive is solid colored. A severe drought several years ago reduced the population drastically, but it has since returned to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The current population of snails exhibiting the solid colored shell is 17%. What can you expect the frequency of the homozygous striped snails to be in the next year? Round to the nearest hundredth.
0.35
Mules are they sterile hybrids of a male donkey and female horse.
What isolating mechanism is this?
Post-Zygotic
Hybrid Infertility
Genetic Drift is change in the gene pool due to chance. It is a fluctuation in frequency of alleles from one generation to another and is unpredictable. It tends to limit diversity. Name the two examples of genetic drift.
Bottleneck effect
The founder effect
how is molecular biology used as evidence for evolution?
- DNA and the genetic code reflect the shared ancestry of life. DNA comparisons can show how related species are.
1. All of life is related; present day species differ from ancestral species
2. Geologic process have constant rates throughout time.
1.Theory= Descent with modification; Proponent= Arsitotle
2. Theory= Uniformitarianism; Proponent= Charles Lyell