Natural Selection
Selection that favors BOTH of the extremes in a trait. EX: Black rabbits hide in black rocks and white rabbits hide in white rocks. The gray rabbits have a hard time hiding anywhere.
What is disruptive selection?
Selection in which humans choose desirable traits and breed organisms accordingly.
What is artificial selection?
The two organic compounds used to in phylogenetic trees.
What are DNA and proteins?
The hypothesis that evolution occurs as rapid bursts of speciation followed by long periods of stasis.
What is punctuated equlibrium?
Selection that causes an increase in a specific phenotypic frequency in a population. EX: The increase of beak size in finches due to a high proportion of large seeds in an ecosystem.
What is directional selection?
The definition of evolutionary fitness.
What is the ability of grand-offspring to reproduce?
The conditions in a population that cause equilibrium and can be remembered using the five finger model of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.
What are no natural selection, no non-random mating (sexual selection), large population, no emmigration or immigration (gene flow), no mutation.
Structures found across species that are derived from a common ancestor. EX: Whale fins and dog legs.
What are homologous structures?
A non-parametric test whereby a researcher tests to see if the differences between observed and expected counts are due to chance.
What is a Chi Squared test?
Selection against extreme values of a trait. EX: All white and all black rabbits are eaten by predators while gray rabbits avoid predation.
What is stabilizing selection?
Lamarck's idea that individuals could pass on traits acquired during their lifetimes. EX: Bob lifts weights and becomes ripped. Bob's kids will likely be ripped too.
What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics?
Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). And, 40% of all butterflies are white. Calculate the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.
What is 0.135?
Structures no longer used by a species but remain due to lack of selective pressure to remove. EX: Hind leg bones of whales.
What are vestigial structures?
Conditions in population are small males mate with small females, population is small, and large males die off quickly.
What are conditions for a population that is evolving?
The disproportionate representation of an allele due to a reduction in number of individuals in a population . EX: During WWII, population of Jewish community decreased significantly. By chance the remaining population had a high number of the allele that codes for the deadly disease, Tay-Sachs.
What is bottleneck effect on genetic drift?
The type of speciation that occurs when a population is separated by a geographic or physical boundary and can't reproduce.
What is an allopatric speciation?
How you use the Hardy-Weinberg equations to determine if a population is evolving.
What is the change in allele frequency over time, or how do p (allele 1) and q (allele 2) change over time?
A species that exhibits characteristics of two different organisms, and serves as evidence for evolution. EX: Pakicetus was a land mammal and ancestor of whales. Pakicetus shows characteristics of both land and aquatic mammal.
What is a transitional species?
Used to date organic remains less than 50,000 years old.
What is Radiometric Carbon Dating or C14 dating?
Multiple species derive from a single ancestral population.
What is a common descent?
10 males and 10 females charter a plane to go on a tour. They crash on an island and start a new population. Two people carry the recessive cystic fibrosis (CF) allele (c). What will be the incidence of cystic fibrosis on the island after 200 years with no emmigration or immigration? How would you explain the frequency of CF?
What is about 0.3%? The incidence can be explained by a genetic bottleneck, founder effect.
The reason DNA serves as evidence for evolution.
What is that all living organisms use DNA?
The tree with the fewest common ancestors would be the most accurate according to this principle.
EX: The simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence is most likely the correct.
What is the Parsimony Principle?