Cell Structure
Which of the following observations contributed to cell theory?
Animal and plant cells have nuclei and organelles.
Minerals cannot give rise to living organisms.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
b. Minerals cannot give rise to living organisms.
In addition to a plasma membrane, a eukaryotic cell has organelles, such as mitochondria, that also have membranes. In which way would these membranes differ?
The proportion of phosphate within the phospholipids will vary.
Only certain membranes contain phospholipids.
Only certain membranes are selectively permeable.
The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates will vary.
d. The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates will vary.
Which of the following is a catabolic process?
digestion of sucrose
dissolving sugar in water
DNA replication
RNA translation
a. digestion of sucrose
Draw a prokaryotic versus a eukaryoyic cell.
MUST include and label atleast 3 structures
image on Google Classroom
Objects in motion do physical _______, and _______ energy is the energy of objects in motion.
work; kinetic
Eukaryotic cells contain complex organelles that carry out their chemical reactions. While prokaryotes lack many of these complex organelles, they have a variety of unique structures of their own. Most prokaryotic cells can, however, exchange nutrients with the outside environment faster than most eukaryotic cells. Why is this so?
Most prokaryotic cells are smaller and have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.
Most prokaryotic cells are larger and have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.
Most prokaryotic cells are smaller and have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.
Most prokaryotic cells are larger and have a lower surface area-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.
a. Most prokaryotic cells are smaller and have a higher surface area-to-volume ratio than eukaryotic cells.
How would an organism maintain membrane fluidity in an environment where temperatures fluctuated from very high to very low?
Greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in membranes.
Greater proportion of saturated phospholipids in membranes.
Greater proportion of carbohydrates in membranes.
Greater proportion of proteins in membranes.
a. Greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids in membranes.
Which of the following is the best way to judge the relative activation energies between two given chemical reactions?
Compare the Δ𝐺ΔG values between the two reactions.
Compare their reaction rates.
Compare their ideal environmental conditions.
Compare the spontaneity between the two reactions.
b. Compare their reaction rates.
Recall the cis and trans sides of Golgi body. Where are they located and what do they do?
The receiving side of the Golgi apparatus is called the cis face. The opposite side is called the trans face. The transport vesicles that formed from the ER travel to the cis face, fuse with it, and empty their contents into the lumen of the Golgi apparatus.
________ of substances into and out of cells is mediated by the plasma ___________.
Diffusion; membrane
If protein synthesis on the ribosome is interrupted, what is the next step that cannot occur?
modification in the Golgi apparatus
distribution in the endoplasmic reticulum
modification in the endoplasmic reticulum
distribution via the Golgi apparatus
c. modification in the endoplasmic reticulum
List four components of a plasma membrane and explain their function.
Phospholipids: form the bilayer; Carbohydrates: help in adhesion; Cholesterol: provide flexibility; Integral proteins: form transporters; Peripheral proteins: part of the cell’s recognition sites.
Phospholipids: form the bilayer; Carbohydrates: help in adhesion; Cholesterol: form transporters; Integral proteins: provide flexibility; Peripheral proteins: part of the cell’s recognition sites.
Phospholipids: form the bilayer; Carbohydrates: part of the cell’s recognition sites; Cholesterol: provide flexibility to the membrane; Integral proteins: form transporters; Intermediate filaments: help in adhesion.
Phospholipids: form the bilayer; Carbohydrates: function as adhesion; Cholesterol: provide flexibility to the membrane, Integral proteins: form transporters; Intermediate filaments: part of the cell’s recognition sites.
a. Phospholipids: form the bilayer; Carbohydrates: help in adhesion; Cholesterol: provide flexibility; Integral proteins: form transporters; Peripheral proteins: part of the cell’s recognition sites.
Which statement provides the most accurate evidence to support the claim that chemical reactions play a role in energy transfer?
Energy from the breakdown of glucose and other molecules in animals is released in the form of NADP, which transfers energy to other reactions.
Energy is released in the form of glucose from the breakdown of ATP molecules. These ATP molecules transfer energy from one reaction to other reactions.
Energy from the breakdown of glucose and other molecules in animals is released as ATP, which transfers energy to other reactions.
Energy is released in the form of water and oxygen from the breakdown of glucose. These molecules transfer energy from one reaction to other reactions.
c. Energy from the breakdown of glucose and other molecules in animals is released as ATP, which transfers energy to other reactions.
Elaborately describe examples of your understanding of the first law of thermodynamics and how it relates to organismal metabolism.
energy being transferred from one system to another and transformed from one form to another. Humans can convert the chemical energy in food, like this ice cream cone, into kinetic energy (the energy of movement to ride a bicycle). Plants can convert electromagnetic radiation (light energy) from the sun into chemical energy.
The first law states that ...
The second law of thermodynamics states that every energy ...
1. energy can’t be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
2. transfer involves some loss of energy in an unusable form, such as heat energy, resulting in a more disordered system. In other words, no energy transfer is completely efficient and tends toward disorder.
What are the structural and functional similarities and differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Similarities: double membrane, inter-membrane space, ATP production, contain DNA. Differences: mitochondria have inner folds called cristae, chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.
Similarities: DNA, inter-membrane space, ATP production, and chlorophyll. Differences: mitochondria have a matrix and inner folds called cristae; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.
Similarities: double membrane and ATP production. Differences: mitochondria have inter-membrane space and inner folds called cristae; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.
Similarities: double membrane and ATP production. Differences: mitochondria have inter-membrane space, inner folds called cristae, ATP synthase for ATP synthesis, and DNA; chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which, form grana and a stroma.
a.
Similarities: double membrane, inter-membrane space, ATP production, contain DNA.
Differences: mitochondria have inner folds called cristae, chloroplast contains accessory pigments in thylakoids, which form grana and a stroma.
If a doctor injected a patient with what was labeled as an isotonic saline solution, but then the patient died, and an autopsy revealed that several of the patient's red blood cells had burst, such as in the image on the right, would it be true that the injected solution was really isotonic? Why or why not?
False, the solution was hypertonic.
False, the solution was osmotic.
False, the solution was hypotonic.
True, the solution was isotonic.
c. False, the solution was hypotonic.
Describe the position of the transition state on a vertical energy scale, from low to high, relative to the position of the reactants and products, for both endergonic and exergonic reactions.
The transition state of the reaction exists at a lower energy level than the reactants. Activation energy is always positive regardless of whether the reaction is exergonic or endergonic.
The transition state of the reaction exists at a higher energy level than the reactants. Activation energy is always positive regardless of whether the reaction is exergonic or endergonic.
The transition state of the reaction exists at a lower energy level than the reactants. Activation energy is always negative regardless of whether the reaction is exergonic or endergonic.
The transition state of the reaction exists at an intermediate energy level than that of the reactants. Activation energy is always positive regardless of whether the reaction is exergonic or endergonic.
b. The transition state of the reaction exists at a higher energy level than the reactants. Activation energy is always positive regardless of whether the reaction is exergonic or endergonic.
How is energy released through the hydrolysis of ATP?
Draw or explain
ATP + H20 -> ADP + Pi + free energy
The bonds that connect the phosphates (phosphoanhydride bonds) have high-energy content. The energy released from the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi is used to perform cellular work.
Large particles, such as ____________, parts of cells, or whole cells, can be engulfed by other cells in a process called _______________. __________ is a similar process on a smaller scale.
macromolecules;phagocytosis;Pinocytosis
Radioactive amino acids are fed to a cell in culture for a short amount of time. This is called a pulse. You follow the appearance of radioactive proteins in the cell compartments. In which organelles and in what order does radioactivity appear?
endoplasmic reticulum - lysosomes - Golgi body - vesicle - extracellular region
endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - Golgi body - vesicles - extracellular region
Golgi Body - vesicles - endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - extracellular region
nucleus - endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi body - vesicle - extracellular region
b. endoplasmic reticulum - vesicles - Golgi body - vesicles - extracellular region
Why do phospholipids tend to spontaneously orient themselves into something resembling a membrane such as the lipid-bilayer sphere, single-layer lipid sphere, and lipid-bilayer sheet?
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails.
Phospholipids are lipophilic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. The nonpolar head faces towards other fatty acid tails and the polar fatty acid tails face towards water.
Phospholipids are hydrophilic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails.
a. Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. The polar head faces towards water and the nonpolar fatty acid tails face towards other fatty acid tails.
Interpret the illustration to explain what it means for a system to be in a higher level of entropy, and how that entropy can be reduced.
Higher level of entropy refers to higher state of disorder in the system and it can be reduced by input of energy to lower the entropy.
Higher level of entropy refers to higher state of symmetry in the system and it can be reduced by release of energy to lower the entropy.
Higher level of entropy refers to low disorder in the system and it can be reduced by input of energy to increase the entropy.
Higher level of entropy refers to higher state of disorder in the system and it can be reduced by raising the temperature to lower the entropy.
a. Higher level of entropy refers to higher state of disorder in the system and it can be reduced by input of energy to lower the entropy.
Enzymes bind to substrates and catalyze reactions in four different ways. What are they? Describe.
Enzymes bind to substrates and catalyze reactions in four different ways:
1.bringing substrates together in an optimal orientation
2. compromising the bond structures of substrates so that bonds can be more easily broken
3. providing optimal environmental conditions for a reaction to occur
4. participating directly in their chemical reaction by forming transient covalent bonds with the substrates.
The endomembrane system includes the ...
nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the ER, and Golgi apparatus, as well as the plasma membrane.