Chemistry of Life
Name the three ways the structure DNA differs from RNA.
1) DNA is double-stranded, RNA is single-stranded
2) DNA contains thymine, RNA contains uracil
3) DNA has a deoxyribose sugar, RNA has a ribose sugar
What is the difference between passive and active transport? Name the three types of passive transportation.
Passive does not require energy to move molecules across the membrane, high -> low
Active requires energy, low -> high
1) Simple diffusion
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Osmosis
What are the three steps to cellular respiration?
1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs Cycle
3) ETC/Oxidative Phosphorylation
Define homeostasis.
The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment.
Which macromolecule could be the structural part of the cell, enzymes, or involved in cell movement or communication?
Proteins
Name the two organelles that contain their own DNA separate from the chromosome and state the three evidences used to explain endosymbiosis theory.
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
1) Circular DNA
2) They contain their own ribosomes
3) Double membranes
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon Dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
What is the difference between a positive and a negative feedback loop?
Positive feedback loops enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable. Negative feedbacks tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable.
Explain how surface tension is a result of water's ability to form hydrogen bonds.
Surface tension is the result of increased hydrogen bonding forces between water molecules at the surface .
Define compartmentalization.
The process of forming cellular compartments for different cellular processes to take place.
Define enzyme specificity.
Only a specific substrate will bind to an enzyme's active site
What is the order of meiosis?
Prophase 1 → Metaphase 1 → Anaphase 1 → Telophase 1 → Cytokinesis → Prophase 2 → Metaphase 2 → Anaphase 2 → Telophase 2 → Cytokinesis
1) Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides & Polysaccharides
2) Lipids: Fatty Acids & Triglycerides
3) Proteins: Amino Acids & Polypeptides
4) Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides & DNA/RNA
Name ten organelles.
1) Rough ER
2) Smooth ER
3) Golgi Body
4) Mitochondria
5) Ribosomes
6) Nucleus
7) Vesicle
8) Lysosome
9) Cell Membrane
10) Centrioles
11) Chloroplast
12) Vacuoles
13) Centrosome
14) Cilia/Flagella
15) Cell Wall
Where are photosystems 1 and 2 located?
Embedded in the internal membrane of chloroplasts.
Name three purposes of mitosis.
1) Repair body cells
2) Growth
3) Replacing dead cells
4) Asexual reproduction
Name four of the seven functional groups, and two of the four named organic molecule (carbohydrate, lipid, etc.)
1) Hydroxyl - Carbohydrate
2) Carbonyl - Carbohydrate
3) Carboxyl - Fat
4) Amino - Protein
5) Sulfhydryl - Protein
6) Phosphate - Nucleic Acid
7) Methyl - Fat
What happens to a plant cell when placed in pure water (hypotonic solution)?
It becomes turgid. The cell wall protects the cell from bursting.
Potassium cyanide is a poison which combines with cytochrome a to prevent binding of oxygen to the enzyme without altering the of the reaction with respect to reduced cytochrome c. Which type of inhibition does this represent?
Noncompetitive inhibition.
How is cellular division different in animal cells and plant cells?
In animal cells, the cytoplasm splits. In plant cells, a cell wall separates the two new cells.