Chemistry of Life
Cell Structure & Function
Cellular Energetics
Cell Communication & Cell Cycle
Heredity
Gene Expression & Regulation
Natural Selection
Ecology
100
These chemical reactions allow macromolecules to be joined together and/or broken down.
What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
100
These structures within all cells on Earth are responsible for protein synthesis, consisting of RNA and proteins.
What are ribosomes?
100
This molecule acts as the primary energy currency of the cell, storing and supplying the cell with needed energy.
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
100
This molecule fits into a receptor like a key into a lock, starting a cascade of events inside the cell.
What is a ligand?
100
This process ensures the formation of haploid cells from diploid ones, and is crucial for sexual reproduction and genetic variation.
What is meiosis?
100
This process increases genetic variation by exchanging DNA between non-sister chromatids during meiosis.
What is crossing over?
100
This type of selection, practiced by humans, involves choosing specific traits for breeding, significantly impacting species diversity.
What is artificial selection?
200
This property of water allows it to stick to other substances, aiding in the movement of water against gravity in plants.
What is adhesion?
200
These are the three examples of passive transport.
What are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis?
200
This molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of mitochondria.
What is oxygen?
200
This term describes the complex sequence of events of converting an extracellular signal to a specific cellular response, and involves amplification of the signal throughout the interior of the cell.
What is a signal transduction pathway?
200
Mendel used this law to explain how alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.
What is the law of independent assortment?
200
This process involves the decoding of instructions within DNA to synthesize proteins, crucial for cell function and regulation.
What is gene expression?
200
These diagrams are used to illustrate hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among species, showing patterns of descent from common ancestors.
What are phylogenetic trees and cladograms?
200
This type of growth describes how a population's growth rate slows and eventually stops following a period of exponential growth, often due to resource limitation.
What is logistic growth?
300
The specific sequence of these biological molecules make up a protein's primary structure.
What are amino acids?
300
This term describes what happens to a plant cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution.
It becomes turgid and water will enter the cell.
300
The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm and resulting in a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
What is glycolysis?
300
A disruption in this tightly regulated process can lead to uncontrolled cell growth, a hallmark of cancer.
What is the cell cycle?
300
These are the segments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication.
What are Okazaki fragments?
300
This term describes a set of multiple genes that are all under the control of a single promoter, which allows for coordinated gene expression in prokaryotes.
What is an operon?
300
This hypothesis suggests that one important nucleic acid was capable of storing genetic information and catalyzing chemical reactions, and could have been the first form of genetic material on Earth.
What is the RNA World Hypothesis?
400
All amino acids contain these three components.
What are the carboxyl group, amino group, and an R group?
400
This type of protein completely spans the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.
What is an integral protein (or transmembrane protein)?
400
These are the two main processes of photosynthesis.
What are the light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin cycle) reactions?
400
These proteins regulate cell cycle progression by phosphorylating other proteins when the conditions are right for the cell to divide.
What are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)?
400
This is the type of inheritance pattern shown.
What is autosomal recessive?
400
These sequences of noncoding DNA control the transcription of genes by binding with regulatory proteins.
What are regulatory sequences (enhancers, operators, silencers)?
400
These 5 conditions must be met in order to maintain a stable, non-evolving population.
1. Large population size
2. Random mating
3. No mutation
4. No migration
5. No natural selection
400
These molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain during photosynthesis.
What are water molecules?
500
This type of eukaryotic cell has a cell wall that contains chitin and ergosterol.
What is fungi?
500
This crucial ratio explains why cells tend to be small in size since it affects the efficiency of nutrient intake and waste elimination.
What is the surface area-to-volume ratio?
500
This type of chemical reaction uses hydrolysis to break down macromolecules into smaller units and is associated with the release of energy.
What is a catabolic reaction?
500
This phenomenon is observed in bacterial communities, and relies on the density of microbial populations to regulate gene expression.
What is quorum sensing?
500
This term describes the ability of an organism with a specific genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to varying environmental conditions.
What is phenotypic plasticity?
500
This process occurs after transcription and involves the removal of introns from pre-mRNA to produce mature mRNA.
What is RNA splicing?
500
These are the two most important examples of genetic drift.
What are bottleneck effect and founder effect?
600
This type of inhibition occurs when a substance blocks enzyme function without binding to the enzyme's active site.
What is allosteric inhibition?
600
This organelle is responsible for transporting proteins and lipids to different parts of the cell, including to the cell membrane. It is the site of protein synthesis for many proteins.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
600
This is the specific subcellular location of the Krebs cycle reactions.
What is the mitochondrial matrix?
600
Substances (such as cyclic AMP and calcium ions) act as intracellular signals to amplify a signal received from outside the cell.
What are second messengers?
600
This enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA from an existing template RNA and is essential for the life cycle of retroviruses such as HIV.
What is reverse transcriptase?
600
This is the correct sequence of the manufacturing and transport of a protein through a cell.
What is the ribosomes bind to rough ER to translate protein → protein is shipped to Golgi to undergo chemical modifications → processed proteins get packaged into transport vesicles → vesicles fuse with plasma membrane to release protein from cell.
600
In a particular flower species, the allele for red flowers (R) is dominant to white flowers (r). In a population of 1,000 flowers, 36% of the flowers are white. How many flowers are heterozygotes?
480 flowers are heterozygotes