AP Biology Exam Review

Biochemistry

100

This level of folding is when the r-groups of amino acids interact

What is tertiary structure?

200

Amino acids are made up of these three groups.

What are the carboxyl group, amine group, and a variable (R) group?

300

This type of inhibition occurs when a substrate binds to a site other than the active site to prevent enzyme catalysis.

What is allosteric inhibition / noncompetitive inhibitor?

400

The process by which macromolecules are joined together is called _______________ and the process where they are broken apart is called ___________________.

What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?

500

How would polar R groups and non polar R groups fold if placed in an aqueous environment? (in or out)

Nonpolar would be protected on the inside of the protein away from the water, polar would be on the outside close to the water.

Cells and Transport

100

This type of transport requires ATP, a protein, and goes against a concentration gradient.

Active Transport

200

This is what happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution.

It swells / becomes turgid / lyses

300

These are two examples of passive transport.

What are diffusion/osmosis/facilitated diffusion?

400

What are the 3 steps of the signal transduction pathway?

Reception, Transduction, Response

500

This type of protein connects the outside and inside of the cell/organelle through the plasma membrane and allows large or non-polar molecules to cross.

channel protein/ protein pump

Cell Energetics

100

These are the types of fermentation

What are alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

200

The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place here. be SPECIFIC

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

300

These are the two main processes of photosynthesis.

What are the light dependent and light independent reactions?

400

These are the electron carriers for photosynthesis

What are ATP & NADPH?

500

This is the most important function of the Electron Transport Chain, and allows for ATP synthase to actually function

What is the creation of a proton gradient?

Molecular Bio

100

These are the names of the fragments on the lagging strand of the replication fork during DNA replication.

What are Okazaki fragments?

200

If the DNA strand to be transcribed is 5'-AAA TAA CCG GAC-3', this is the mRNA strand that is formed.

3'-UUU AUU GGC CUG-5'

300

This is the switch that allows genes to be turned on/off and allows the SAME DNA strand to express different genes.

Promoter / Silencer/  Operon 

400

These are three enzymes involved in DNA replication.

What are DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase, RNA primase, Topoisomerase?

500

This is the direction that DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides.

What is 5' to 3'?

Evolution

100

These are two examples of genetic drift.

What is bottleneck effect and founder effect?

200

True or False, if a species doesn't use a trait or characteristic, they lose it.

False(vestigial)

300

This is the movement of alleles into or out of a population.

What is gene flow?

400

If two heterozygous (YyRr x YyRr) individuals where to have offspring, what is the expected PHENOTYPIC ratio?

9:3:3:1 (out of 16 individuals)

500

According to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium these 5 conditions must be met in order to maintain a stable, non-evolving population.

1. Large population size 2. No migration 3. No mutation 4. Random mating 5. No natural selection