Unit 1-2 (Chemistry of Life & Cell Structure and Function)
This is the primary hormone responsible for lowering blood sugar levels in the human body.
What is insulin?
This cellular organelle is responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels. This organelle is highly effected within individuals with both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.
What is the pancreas?
The INS gene is responsible for encoding insulin, and the IRS1 gene encodes for insulin receptor substrate 1. Changes in these genes called ___ can affect an individual's susceptibility to developing diabetes.
What are variations or mutations?
Changes in diet and lifestyles within a population such as shifts toward high carbohydrate meals and increased prevalence of obesity would ___ the prevalence of diabetes within that population.
What is increase?
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In order for insulin to work its magic, it must enter the cell via this membrane-embedded protein.
What is an insulin receptor?
Some symptoms of diabetes include: having blurry vision, feeling tired, having numb or tingling hands/feet, and being very hungry. This is because, in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, there is a dysregulation of glucose metabolism, leading to an impaired production of this essential energy molecule.
What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
Individuals with a family history of diabetes are at an increased risk of developing the condition themselves. This is due to shared genetic factors and environmental influences within families that include individuals with insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, or other factors contributing to the ___ of diabetes.
What is heredity?
A new imaginary form of diabetes exists where the diabetes causes the individual to have shorter life spans. This new form of diabetes may affect the individual's ability to reproduce. What is this also known as?
What is fitness?
Who are Shugo and Eden?
Insulin is great, but too much can lead to hypoglycemia. As a result, blood glucose levels can be increased via this hormone that takes glucose out of cells.
What is glucagon?
In this type of diabetes, individuals do not produce insulin because the immune system sends T-lymphocytes to attack the beta-cells of the pancreas that produce insulin.
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
This phenomenon can be attributed to the presence of genes coding for diabetes in an individual, despite the individual not having the disease themselves.
What is gene expression?
An individual who has diabetes is infected with a bacteria, which in return for an optimal environment, provides insulin to help break down glucose. What is this type of ecological relationship known as?
What is mutualism?
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Who are Mr. Crabs and Mr. Krebs?
Glucose transporters such as GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 proteins allow glucose to move through membranes via this process. In addition, in insulin-sensitive cells, insulin-receptor binding triggers a signaling cascade that results in the translocation of GLUT4 transporters from intracellular vesicles to the cell membrane, allowing for more glucose uptake against its concentration gradient via this process.
What are facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Type 2 diabetes occurs when cells in the body become less responsive to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Insulin binds to specific receptors on target cells, triggering cellular uptake of glucose from the bloodstream. In Type 2 Diabetes, these receptors are either less sensitive or decreased in number. This is called what?
What is insulin resistance?
Although both types of diabetes are said to have some link to heredity, this type of diabetes is hereditary is believed to have a stronger link to heredity.
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
Changes in human diets and lifestyles, such as increased consumption of processed foods and reduced physical activity levels, can contribute to the rising prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in populations. These environmental factors, called ____, lead to more genetic variations that affect insulin secretion, insulin action, and glucose metabolism. In turn, individuals have a higher susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes over generations.
What are selective pressures?
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What is Kean University?
In one specific type of diabetes, t-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas by creating pores in the cell membrane, allowing granzyme proteins to enter the cell, inducing this process of programmed cell death.
What is apoptosis?
Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes disrupts cellular metabolism, leading to alterations in the metabolism of ___ and ___. Accumulation of one of these molecules can interfere with insulin signaling and promote insulin resistance, leading to the pathogenesis of diabetes.
What are glucose and lipids?
The inheritance pattern of type 2 diabetes is complex and involves both genetic and environmental factors. While type 2 diabetes tends to run in families and has a significant genetic component, it does not follow a simple Mendelian pattern and is influenced by multiple genes. As a result, type 2 diabetes has this type of inheritance pattern.
What is polygenic inheritance?
Researchers are performing an experiment to see if diabetes is completely hereditary. To do this, the researchers plan to keep the participants in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium to see if the trait of diabetes follows any kind of inheritance pattern. These factors are important to maintaining the Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium.
What are large population size, random mating, no migration, no mutation, and no natural selection?
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What is a change-up?