Bio-chemistry
Attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges
Van der Waals forces
Organelle that modifies products of the ER
Golgi apparatus
In every energy transformation some energy is 'unusable', and is often lost as heat. This in accordance with the ____________ law of thermodynamics
Second
In the cell cycle if the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called
G0 phase
This enzyme will add nucleotides to the free 3' end of a growing DNA strand
DNA Polymerase
Humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called _____________
Artificial selection
Any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution
Base
This organelle synthesizes lipids and detoxifies poisons
Smooth ER
Most common pigment in green plants is
Chlorophyll alpha
One of these is NOT a second messenger:
1 -cAMP, 2 -ATP, 3 -Ca+, 4 -IP3
2 -ATP
Nucleotide sequences that postpone the erosion of genes near the ends of DNA molecules
Telomeres
This type of polygenic trait selection favors intermediate variants and acts against extreme phenotypes
Stabilizing selection
An animal’s main storage polysaccharide is
Glycogen
A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosomes
Most of the energy used by the cell to do work is mediated by which molecule?
ATP
The number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2n, where n is the haploid number. Humans have _____ possible of chromosomes
223
Most eukaryotic genes and their RNA transcripts have long noncoding stretches of nucleotides that lie between coding regions called _________.
Introns
This process can concentrate toxins at harmful levels on higher trophic levels
Biological magnification
This functional group contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part
Phosphate functional group
Found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water
Central vacuole
This stage (out of 3) of cellular respiration accounts for most ATP synthesis
Oxidative phosphorylation
In meiosis, the cells become haploid after...
Telophase or Cytokinesis of Meiosis I
A cluster of functionally related genes that can be under coordinated control by a single on-off “switch”.
Operon
Mention (ALL) the 3 factors that influence decomposition rates in an ecosystem:
Temperature, moisture and nutrient availability
In ______________, transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
Facilitated diffusion
_____________prevents enzymes from leaking out of a dying cell and damaging neighbouring cells
Apoptosis
This transport molecule relays electrons extracted from WATER to the electron transport chain
NADP+ or NADPH
During which stage (out of 3) of cell signaling may enzyme cascades amplify the cell’s response?
Transduction
This enzyme synthesizes an RNA chain using the parental DNA strand as a template
Primases
Type of ecological succession that begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance / disaster such as fire or field abandonment
Secondary succession
___________________are isomers that are mirror images of each other
Enantiomers
In this type of solution, solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell and the cell loses water
Hypertonic solution
These are all phases of the Calvin cycle EXCEPT
a) Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco) b)Electron transport chain c)Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) d)Reductionb) Electron transport chain
If out of 4 gametes exiting meiosis, 2 have a normal number of chromosomes, 1 has one more chromosome than normal and 1 has one less chromosome than normal, when did nondisjunction likely happen?
During Meiosis II
This type of point mutation changes an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional protein
Nonsense mutation
Density-dependent selection, selects for species with life history traits that are slow to change population density (e.g. elephants)
K-selection